Lecture 2 Block 2

Question 1

what is the homeostatic condition for blood calcium in humans

Answer 1

8.5-11mg calcium/ 100mL blood

Question 2

what is the homeostatic condition for blood pH in humans

Answer 2

7.4

Question 3

what is the homeostatic condition for blood glucose in humans

Answer 3

90mg glucose/100mL blood

Question 4

what is the homeostatic condition for body temp in humans

Answer 4

37 degrees celsius

Question 5

what are the components in a homeostatic control system

Answer 5

a sensor, a control center, and effectros

Question 6

what are the 2 types of feedback circuits

Answer 6

negative and positive

Question 7

what are negative feedback loops

Answer 7

mechanism that works to counteract further changes of the parameter, reversal of detected change

Question 8

what are positive feedback loops

Answer 8

mechanism that works to amplify changes of the parameter, change triggers amplification

Question 9

what do receptors do

Answer 9

sense change in internal or external environment

Question 10

what do control centers do

Answer 10

process information gathered from receptors and sends a response to effectors

Question 11

what do effectors do

Answer 11

adjusts the regulated parameter

Question 12

what is responsible for regulation of blood calcium

Answer 12

thyroid and parathyroid

Question 13

what are the physiological roles of calcium

Answer 13

bone formation, muscle contraction, membrane excitability, blood clotting, intracellular activity

Question 14

how do the kidneys and intestines control calcium levels

Answer 14

affect whether calcium taken in is either released through urine or defecation or reabsorbed

Question 15

what is the job of the kidneys in regards to calcium

Answer 15

excretion or reabsorption

Question 16

what is the job of the intestines in regards to calcium

Answer 16

storage

Question 17

what is the job of the bones in regards to calcium

Answer 17

released or storage of calcium

Question 18

what do parafollicular cells release when blood calcium is high

Answer 18

calcitonin

Question 19

what does calcitonin do

Answer 19

causes inhibition of osteoclasts and decreased renal reabsorption of Ca2+

Question 20

what does parathyroid gland release when blood calcium is low

Answer 20

parathyroid hormone

Question 21

what does PTH do

Answer 21

increased osteoclast activity, increased intestinal reabsorption of calcium, and increased renal reabsorption of calcium

Question 22

what is the pancreas responsible for

Answer 22

regulation of blood glucose

Question 23

what is the Bohr shift

Answer 23

the effect of increased CO2 on oxygen dissociation curves for hemoglobin

Question 24

what systems are responsible for maintaining blood pH

Answer 24

respiratory and renal systems

Question 25

how does the respiratory system affect blood pH

Answer 25

breathing rate can alter carbonic acid production and affect blood pH

Question 26

how does rapid breathing affect blood pH

Answer 26

it increases it

Question 27

how does the renal system affect blood pH

Answer 27

it controls secretion or reabsorption of H+ and bicarbonate

Question 28

how does the renal system respond when blood pH is too low

Answer 28

more H+ ions are excreted, more bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed

Question 29

how does the renal system respond when blood pH is too high

Answer 29

fewer H+ ions are excreted, fewer sodium and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed

Question 30

what is breathing regulated by

Answer 30

the medulla oblongata and the pons

Question 31

what is breathing primarily affected by

Answer 31

by gas levels, especially CO2