Lecture 7 Block 2

Question 1

what are the functions of the nephron

Answer 1

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

Question 2

how does the stomach/small intestine alter water loss

Answer 2

moistens food to aid in breakdown

Question 3

how does the small intestine and large intestine alter water loss

Answer 3

dries out feces

Question 4

how does the respiratory system alter water loss

Answer 4

good and humidify air before it exits the body and reduces water loss to air

Question 5

what is osmoregulation

Answer 5

selective retention and excretion of salt and water

Question 6

what is excretion

Answer 6

getting rid of nitrogenous waste and other toxins

Question 7

what is the relationship between osmoregulation and excretion

Answer 7

similar organs involved in both processes and excretory products are removed with excess water

Question 8

what is nitrogenous waste

Answer 8

waste that contains nitrogen

Question 9

what does nitrogenous waste come from

Answer 9

the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acid

Question 10

what are the 3 forms of nitrogenous waste

Answer 10

ammonia, urea, uric acid

Question 11

which forms of nitrogenous waste are the most toxic

Answer 11

ammonia> urea> uric acid

Question 12

which forms of nitrogenous waste have the highest water cost

Answer 12

ammonia > urea > uric acid

Question 13

which forms of nitrogenous waste have the highest energy cost

Answer 13

uric acid > urea > ammonia

Question 14

where is nitrogenous waste made

Answer 14

in the liver

Question 15

what are the functions of the kidney

Answer 15

nitrogenous waste removal, salt and water balance, pH balance, removal of toxins

Question 16

what is reabsorption

Answer 16

nephron back to blood

Question 17

what is secretion

Answer 17

blood to nephron

Question 18

where does filtration occur

Answer 18

glomerulus

Question 19

what is the glomerulus fed and drained by

Answer 19

fed by afferent arterioles and drained by efferent arterioles

Question 20

what is the cortical nephron found

Answer 20

loop of henle in superficial area of medulla and cortex

Question 21

where are juxamedullary nephrons found

Answer 21

loop of henle is long and extends into medullary area

Question 22

what are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules for

Answer 22

secretion and reabsorption

Question 23

what is the collecting duct responsible for

Answer 23

reabsorption

Question 24

what is the descending loop of henle permeable to

Answer 24

water

Question 25

what is the ascending loop of henle permeable to

Answer 25

salt

Question 26

what is the collecting duct permeable to

Answer 26

water and the bottom is permeable to urea

Question 27

what factors are important to effective reabsorption and secretion

Answer 27

short diffusion distance and high surface area

Question 28

what is the vasa recta

Answer 28

surrounds the loop of henle for reabsorption of water and salt

Question 29

how does medullary thickness correlate with urine concentrating ability

Answer 29

deeper medullary thickness leads to more concentrated urine

Question 30

what happens at the kidney when body temperature increases?

Answer 30

increase in water loss through evaporative cooling such as sweating or respiratory

Question 31

what are the negative consequences one evaporative cooling

Answer 31

dehydration

Question 32

what are the effects of dehydration

Answer 32

increase in blood osmolality and decreased blood pressure

Question 33

what does ADH do

Answer 33

reserves water at the kidney

Question 34

what is the pathway of vasopressin

Answer 34

made in hypothalamus moves to posterior pituitary to be secreted, binds to GPCR activates adenylate cyclase increase cAMP activating PKA, phosphorylating vesicle proteins which results in the translocation of vesicles to the membrane and inserts aquaporins

Question 35

what is the target of vasopressin

Answer 35

kidney tubules

Question 36

what is the result of vasopressin

Answer 36

water retention

Question 37

what is the result of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone pathway

Answer 37

increased Na+ and H2O reabsorption at kidney, vasoconstriction

Question 38

what is the aldosterone pathway

Answer 38

aldosterone enters cell through diffusion, binds to transcription factor which activates transcription of genes fro transporter, new transporter proteins made in ER and exported, vesicles containing proteins are sent to plasma membrane

Question 39

what does aldosterone do

Answer 39

causes increased Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion at DCT, leads to increased Na+ and H2O reabsorption

Question 40

what does angiotensin II do

Answer 40

causes vasoconstriction of arterioles to increase blood pressure