Lecture 12 Block 3

Question 1

what do visceral sensory nerve terminals express

Answer 1

cytokine receptors

Question 2

how do IL-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha pass the BBB

Answer 2

saturable influx transport

Question 3

how do other cytokines cross the BBB

Answer 3

CVO areas

Question 4

what is cytokine induced sickness behavior

Answer 4

a coordinated set of adaptive behavioral changes that develop in ill individuals during the course of an infection

Question 5

what are the symptoms of cytokine induced sickness behavior

Answer 5

fever, lethargy, depression, anxiety, malaise, loss of appetite, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, and failure to concentrate

Question 6

what are the advantages of cytokine induced sickness behavior

Answer 6

reduced activity limits energy expenditure; hyperalgesia draws attention to the injury; anorexia reduces iron intake needed for bacteria growth

Question 7

what are the 2 mechanism for cytokine induced sickness behavior

Answer 7

1. peripheral cytokines stimulate macrophage like cells at CVOs to release IL-1 which activates neurons in amygdala to cause behavioral depression
2. peripheral cytokines stimulate endothelial cells of brain vessels to produce prostaglandin E2 which then activates neurons in the A1 cell group and the paraventricular neurons of the hypothalamus to enhance sympathetic . PGE2 activated PVN to enhance activity of the HPA axis. PGE2 also activates median prep-tic nucleus and PVN causing fever

Question 8

what innervates all major lymphoid organs

Answer 8

sympathetic nerves

Question 9

what are the main adrenergic receptors in immune cells

Answer 9

Beta 2 receptors

Question 10

what receptors mediate stress effects on immune system

Answer 10

Beta 2 receptors

Question 11

why are Beta 2 receptors used at neuroimmune junctions

Answer 11

they have lower affinity for NE and is activated by a higher NE level

Question 12

how does sympathetic activation modulate immune response

Answer 12

• suppresses innate immune response
• suppresses cell-mediated immune responses
• enhances humoral immune responses
• SNS activity impacts the immune system in diseases

Question 13

how does sympathetic activity suppress innate immune responses

Answer 13

cytokine release, NK cell lytic activity, and macrophages phagocytic activity

Question 14

how does sympathetic activity enhance humoral immune responses

Answer 14

enhances B cell antibody production

Question 15

how does SNS activity impact the immune system in diseases

Answer 15

• contributes to immunosuppression following major injuries
• surpasses immune responses to cancer cells
• modulates auto-immune diseases

Question 16

how do the HPA axis and autonomic modulate the immune system

Answer 16

releases cortisol and NE/E that regulate immune cell activity

Question 17

what are pro-inflammatory cytokine levels like in PTSD

Answer 17

they are elevated

Question 18

are people with autoimmune diseases more prone to PTSD?

Answer 18

no