Lecture 8 and 9 Flashcards
what two areas does the vestibular nuclei send signals to
reticular formation and parabrachial nucleus
what is the reticular formation involved in
regulates arousal and priming motor neuron excitability
what is the parabrachial nucleus involved in
integrates signals from vestibular, sensory and autonomic areas
-> all senses, balance, motor and involuntary body functions
what are the names of the mechanoreceptors that sounds can stimulate -> specific for what?
Pacinian corpsucles = sensation to vibration
Merkel receptors = pressure sensitive
where does information from the cochlear nuclei get sent to and via what
reaches the inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus
what are the two functions of the inferior colliculus
- responds to acoustic properties of stimuli
- initiate fight or flight responses
______ refers to a change in pitch over time
pitch contour
frequency-following response is a voluntary/involuntary response
involuntary
where does the frequency following response occur
in the brainstem
what did Strait, Kraus, Skoe and Ashley argue
they said the brainstem is involved in processing affective sound associated information
______ is the use of vocal cues to convey emotional information in speech
affective prosody
the removal of what structure can lead to complete blindness in dogs
neocortex
true or false - the removal of the neocortex causes blindness in all animals
false - only in dogs and cats
what is an example of the bottom up relevant pathways
input directly from the inner ear
what is an example of top down relevant pathways
when you get input from the cortex because you want to modify activity based on previous interactions
the predictive coding framework hypothesis talks about top down/bottom up pathway
top down pathway
where is the site of acoustic features being transformed into auditory percepts
primary auditory cortex
what are examples of auditory percepts
tone height and tone chroma
what’s the location of the primary auditory cortex associated with tone height
anterior
what’s the location of the primary auditory cortex associated with tone chroma
posterior
define the effect of missing fundamental
even after the removing the fundamental frequency, we can still perceive the same pitch we would have
what happens when there are damages to the PAC
- bilateral lesions : increase in thresholds for judging if two sounds have the same pitch
- disrupts the ability to integrate the fundamental and harmonic frequencies into a whole
define residue pitch
ability to integrate the fundamental and harmonic frequencies into a whole
what are the 2 distinct ways we can process regularities
- based on regularities essential for acoustic properties
- based on regularities that have already been learned
what is an example of a statistical regularity
a q is usually always followed by a u in english language
echoic memory is a part of what bigger type of memory
sensory memory
true or false - echoic memory is a buffer that hold information for 2-3 minutes
false - only for a few seconds
what did Simola, Jaramillo, Naantanen and Winkler argue
argued that echoic memory stores physical and abstract features of sounds that have just been heard
how are statistical mismatch negatavities produced
when there are violations of expectations for local dependencies
______ refers to statistical regularities underlying the arrangement of sounds
local dependencies
what is phMMN
MMN based on physical features
what is the main difference between local and nonlocal dependencies
nonlocal -> happens over a longer period of time
give an example of violating the nonlocal dependencies
starting with a tonic (chord 1) and ending with a supertonic (chord 2)
when we say music has a hierarchical structure, what does this mean
both local and nonlocal dependencies are relevant
ERANs are produced by what
violations of nonlocal dependencies
what does ERAN stand for
early right-anterior negativity
define latency
refers to when the ERP component actually emerges
define amplitude
refers to the changes in the magnitude of the electrical activity
______ is the anticipation of specific events in familiar event structure
veridical expectations
warning the participants about the irregular chord affected latency/amplitude
latency -> amplitude was unaffected
when does the ERAN emerge (age)
2 and a half year old
in what case is the ERAN absent in people
people who have amusia/ linguistic impairments
which two areas, involved in music syntatic processing, overlap with Broca’s area
pars opercularis and inferior frontal gyrus
the inferior frontal gyrus primarily processes non local or local dependencies
nonlocal
which two areas, involved in music syntactic processing, overlaps with the PAC
premotor cortex and superior temporal gyrus
LAN is associated with what type of violations
linguistic
what does LAN stand for
lateral anterior negativity
true or false - there is some interactions between ERAN and LAN
true
