Lecture 12

Question 1

did jazz musicians score higher or lower on divergent thinking test and alternate uses task?

Answer 1

higher
- transfer effect

Question 2

what are the beneficial effects in AUT mediated by?

Answer 2

• idea eval

Question 3

who scored higher on openness to experience?

Answer 3

• jazz and improv musicians

Question 4

what does creativity correlate with?

Answer 4

personality

Question 5

what were the result from the meta-analysis from Kampfe, Sedlmeier and Renkewitz

Answer 5

• variable results
• individual differences that interact with background music manipulations

Question 6

what are the background music manipulations in the meta-analysis?

Answer 6

• distractability
• baseline levels of arousal
• enjoyment/preferences related to music

Question 7

what kind of arousal produced the best performance?

Answer 7

moderate

Question 8

Mozart effect

Answer 8

indirect effect on performance by tweaking mood and/or physiological arousal

Question 9

Kussner, de Groot, Hofman and Hillen study

Answer 9

changes in beta band activity during listening to background music that correlated with memory performance

Question 10

greater beta band activity = ?

Answer 10

better memory

Question 11

what does background music modulate?

Answer 11

general arousal

Question 12

what 2 stimuli are associated with better memory performance?

Answer 12

emotional
arousing

Question 13

what system is activated for enhancing memory?

Answer 13

mesolimbic reward system
- dopaminergic systems

Question 14

what has serotonin hypothesized to do?

Answer 14

• levels increase with music that is enjoyable
• may interact with various learning/memory-based processes

Question 15

Ferreri et al.

Answer 15

used fNIRS to estimate prefrontal cortex activity in elderly sample while manipulating background music during encoding

Question 16

findings from Ferreri et al. study

Answer 16

improved learning with background music accompanied with reduced blood flow in PFC
- reduced effort required during encoding

Question 17

Judde and Rickard

Answer 17

manipulated timing of when music played following learning task in verbal material needed to be encoded in different conditions
- immediate
- 20 min after learning
- 45 min after learning

Question 18

which learning condition from the Judde study enhanced memory?

Answer 18

after 20 min

Question 19

what other processes support memory?

Answer 19

biochemical
- time dependent
- take at least 25 min to exert effect on synaptic connections

Question 20

how long after music is played does learning does up-regulation occur?

Answer 20

20-25 minutes

Question 21

music played after learning boosts what?

Answer 21

physiological arousal which upregulates normal processes of consolidation

Question 22

Rickard, Wong and Velik

Answer 22

relaxing music played post-learning phase impairs memory
- reduces arousal during beginning of consolidation process

Question 23

what is the SAM theory?

Answer 23

successive approximation model theory
- new info easier to encode when connecting it to existing memory traces
- familiar music offers possibility of attaching new info to it
- use PEG word approach

Question 24

self-production effect

Answer 24

material that is spoken is better remembered than material that is simply thought about

Question 25

singing boosts which network?

Answer 25

activates more widespread network on neural regions and/or modifying patterns of connectivity

Question 26

Peterson and Thaut

Answer 26

used EEG to measure “learning-related changes in coherence”
- singing material increased coherence between L and R frontal areas

Question 27

Sarkamo et al.

Answer 27

test effects of music on sample of stroke patients who were randomly assigned to one of three groups

Question 28

three groups in Sarkamo study

Answer 28

• chose music to listen to for one hour
• listened to audio book for one hour (active control)
• did nothing (passive control)

Question 29

which group showed improvements in Sarkamo study?

Answer 29

music group
- improved verbal memory and focused attention

Question 30

Simmons-Stern, Budson and Ally

Answer 30

tested whether patients with Alzheimer’s are better able to learn lyrics that were sung compared to spoken
- sung&raquo_space;»

Question 31

Thaut, Peterson, McIntosh, Hoemberg study

Answer 31

MS pateints
- allowed generalization that it is easier to rmr info in song format for everyone

Question 32

why doe people in clinical populations remember material better when sung?

Answer 32

widely distributed network of brain regions involved in musical perception that provide more opportunity for involvement of relatively normal functioning neurons

Question 33

what is introduced in the system that some neurons can function normally and contribute to effective coding?

Answer 33

graceful degradation
- redundancy
- one pathway doesn’t work then other pathway takes over and works instead (piggyback)

Question 34

what happens if there is damage to small areas we rely on?

Answer 34

encoding may not be possible