Lecture 12 Flashcards
did jazz musicians score higher or lower on divergent thinking test and alternate uses task?
higher
- transfer effect
what are the beneficial effects in AUT mediated by?
- idea eval
who scored higher on openness to experience?
- jazz and improv musicians
what does creativity correlate with?
personality
what were the result from the meta-analysis from Kampfe, Sedlmeier and Renkewitz
- variable results
- individual differences that interact with background music manipulations
what are the background music manipulations in the meta-analysis?
- distractability
- baseline levels of arousal
- enjoyment/preferences related to music
what kind of arousal produced the best performance?
moderate
Mozart effect
indirect effect on performance by tweaking mood and/or physiological arousal
Kussner, de Groot, Hofman and Hillen study
changes in beta band activity during listening to background music that correlated with memory performance
greater beta band activity = ?
better memory
what does background music modulate?
general arousal
what 2 stimuli are associated with better memory performance?
emotional
arousing
what system is activated for enhancing memory?
mesolimbic reward system
- dopaminergic systems
what has serotonin hypothesized to do?
- levels increase with music that is enjoyable
- may interact with various learning/memory-based processes
Ferreri et al.
used fNIRS to estimate prefrontal cortex activity in elderly sample while manipulating background music during encoding
findings from Ferreri et al. study
improved learning with background music accompanied with reduced blood flow in PFC
- reduced effort required during encoding
Judde and Rickard
manipulated timing of when music played following learning task in verbal material needed to be encoded in different conditions
- immediate
- 20 min after learning
- 45 min after learning
which learning condition from the Judde study enhanced memory?
after 20 min
what other processes support memory?
biochemical
- time dependent
- take at least 25 min to exert effect on synaptic connections
how long after music is played does learning does up-regulation occur?
20-25 minutes
music played after learning boosts what?
physiological arousal which upregulates normal processes of consolidation
Rickard, Wong and Velik
relaxing music played post-learning phase impairs memory
- reduces arousal during beginning of consolidation process
what is the SAM theory?
successive approximation model theory
- new info easier to encode when connecting it to existing memory traces
- familiar music offers possibility of attaching new info to it
- use PEG word approach
self-production effect
material that is spoken is better remembered than material that is simply thought about
singing boosts which network?
activates more widespread network on neural regions and/or modifying patterns of connectivity
Peterson and Thaut
used EEG to measure “learning-related changes in coherence”
- singing material increased coherence between L and R frontal areas
Sarkamo et al.
test effects of music on sample of stroke patients who were randomly assigned to one of three groups
three groups in Sarkamo study
- chose music to listen to for one hour
- listened to audio book for one hour (active control)
- did nothing (passive control)
which group showed improvements in Sarkamo study?
music group
- improved verbal memory and focused attention
Simmons-Stern, Budson and Ally
tested whether patients with Alzheimer’s are better able to learn lyrics that were sung compared to spoken
- sung»_space;»
Thaut, Peterson, McIntosh, Hoemberg study
MS pateints
- allowed generalization that it is easier to rmr info in song format for everyone
why doe people in clinical populations remember material better when sung?
widely distributed network of brain regions involved in musical perception that provide more opportunity for involvement of relatively normal functioning neurons
what is introduced in the system that some neurons can function normally and contribute to effective coding?
graceful degradation
- redundancy
- one pathway doesn’t work then other pathway takes over and works instead (piggyback)
what happens if there is damage to small areas we rely on?
encoding may not be possible
