Lecture 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

what areas of function is affected through cognitive decline

A

memory and executive function

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2
Q

what is an example of brain structure changes when someone undergoes cognitive decline

A

cerebral regions shrink

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3
Q

difficulties in emotional and social contexts, lead to increased _______

A

rates of depression

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4
Q

music can do three things, what are these three positive things

A
  1. activate numerous networks of brain regions
  2. enhance plasticity
  3. enhance various kinds of cognitive abilities
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5
Q

improvement in executive function, language, speech perception, etc… is associated with what ERP changes

A

increased N2 and P3 amplitudes

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6
Q

better cognitive reserve protects us against _____

A

age related changes

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7
Q

what is associated with a reduction in our risk profile

A

experience with foreign language

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8
Q

stimulating life experiences (such as what) are associated with _____

A

educational, career, socializing -> greater resilience to age related diseases such as dementia

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9
Q

under going musical training as a youth is related to what

A

lower risk of having a mild cognitive impairment diagnosis

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10
Q

explain the results from the twin studies on effects of musical expertise

A

when one twin plays an instrument, and the other does not -> the one who does is less likely to develop a mild cognitive impairment or dementia

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11
Q

true or false - cross sectional studies are the best way to determine the benefits if participation in music

A

false - there are limitations

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12
Q

describe the results of Pascual Leone’s study on learning a five finger sequence on a keyboard

A

after 5 days of training -> showed changes in brain function -> greater activation of superior partial cortex -> better sensorimotor integration

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13
Q

true or false - enhanced performance on cognitive tasks was reported for participants who took 2 months of piano lessons

A

false - took 6 months of piano lessons

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14
Q

what are some limitations of short term training studies

A
  1. small sample sizes
  2. different forms of control conditions
  3. lack long term follow up data
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15
Q

what are some factors that influence higher incidences of depression or loneliness

A

losing a loved one, retirement, hormonal changes, physical and/or cognitive decline

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16
Q

musical activities involved various kinds of social function, such as…

A

empathy, sense of belonging, cooperation

17
Q

there is evidence that music can help older individuals with what?

A

connect with others, increase self esteem, and decrease feelings of isolation and experience spirituality

18
Q

Laukka conducted a survey on the benefits and uses of music… what were the results

A
  1. positive emotions were the most commonly reported emotional response to music
  2. used music to address psychological needs -> identity, belonging and agency
19
Q

positive emotions and psychological needs are predictors of ____

A

well being

20
Q

listening to relaxing music before bedtime has been found to improve/decrease ______

A

improve sleep quality, duration, efficiency
decrease sleep disorder effects

21
Q

what were the results of Chan, Chan, Mok, Tse and Yuk experiment on listening to music before bedtime

A
  1. reduced depression scores
  2. reduced heart rate, BP and respiratory rate