Lecture 30 Flashcards
what are some mediating variables that shape the effects of musical experiences
physiological arousal, emotion, anxiety, apathy, pleasure, sleep quality
describe NMT and what does it stand for
neurologic music therapy -> refers to a range of therapies that target changes in the brain to provide relief for symptoms associated with neurological disorders
what does NMT emphasize about their practices
standardized and evidence based best practices
_____ can affect aspects of speech, including control and/or execution
motor speech disorders
define dysarthria
problems related to activation and control of the articulators -> speech related deficits
define articulators
muscles involved in speech
what does dysarthria emerge from
damages to motor neurons, basal ganglia or cerebellum
true or false - speaking and singing share the same mechanisms
true
what are transfer effects and how are they related to singing
singing is thought of as exaggerated versions of things that need to be done during speech -> expected to produce generalizable effects
what does the DIVA stand for and what does this model propose
directions into velocities of articulators -> chunks of speech are coded by the CNS in the form of auditory-temporal and somatosensory based regions
what kind of mechanisms does the DIVA model involve
feedforward -> programming instructions
feedback -> error detection and correction
what is a non-medicinal treatment for dysarthria that produces some benefits
vocal training
TBI patients with dysarthria reported improvements in what
speech rate, vocal range and intelligibility
parkinson patients with dysarthria reported improvements with that
facial masking, lung function, vocal intensity, and fundamental frequency production
cohen reported benefits from a large scale study involving a heterogenous sample… who was included
MS, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident
apraxia affects what
various aspects of sensorimotor processing -> programming, planning and preparation
a person with apraxia finds it difficulty with what
almost impossible to initiate speech, or unable to move the mouth or tongue to speak
what is a form of neurological music therapy that can help people with apraxia
rhythmic speech cueing
explain rhythmic speech cueing
provides a temporal framework to follow along while producing behavior such as speaking words in time of the tune
brendal and ziegler tested patients who had stroke damage, what did they find
found that metrical pacing treatment produced produced larger improvements than articulatory treatment
define aphasia
broca’s aphasia -> loss of ability to produce meaningful speech and difficulties with vocab, syntax and grammar
what is something interesting about patients with aphasia (what can they do), how does this happen
they are able to sing familiar songs without difficulties -> right hemisphere which is heavily involved in melodic and rhythmic aspects of music
what is a form of neurological musical therapy for aphasia
melodic intonation therapy (MIT)
melodic intonation therapy uses _____ and _____ elements of speech
melodic and rhythmic
what did MIT do in stroke patients
-> improvements in verbal output
-> increased volume and white matter in the arcuate fasciculus
MIT in Broca’s aphasia patients seems to contribute to reactivation of speech relevant neural circuits in which hemisphere
left
MIT has helped Alzheimer’s patients with that
speech fluency and content improval
what is fluency defined as
relating to rate, effort, continuity and smoothness
stuttering is more common who
in children
stuttering may be caused by what
disorder that affects motor timing -> dysfunction in basal ganglia and supplementary motor area
what item is among the most helpful aid for people with speech problems
metronome
Alm argued that true or false - melody cannot exist without rhythm
true
true or false - stuttering is found with only familiar lyrics
false - it is found in unfamiliar and familiar lyrics
what were the results of the healy, mallard and adams on stuttering and singing lyrics to a melody
singing familiar lyrics led to a greatest reduction in stuttering
-> suggests people who stutter have the ability to internally create fluent speech output by implementing self generated melodic structures
