Lecture 34 Flashcards
what were the methods of kim, wigram and gold’s study on whether improvisational music therapy was different than a control therapy
methods -> within subjects design -> music therapy sessions left by therapist and by the child -> various behaviors reported
describe the humanistic approach to how music has been studied
focuses on descriptions of experiences -> example : what is considered beautiful sounding music
describe the systematic approach to studying music
uses conventions of modern science aimed at uncovering universal rules for producing music -> musical experience can be considered to correspond to biological function
which approach assumes there are universal features shared by humans throughout their life
systematic approach
what are the 3 goals of the systematic approach related to
- identification of brain regions involved in musical perception
- neural foundations of music perception and emotion
- musical effects on cognitive processes
the paradigm shift is away from _______ approach to ________ approach
systematic -> humanistic
perceptual/cognitive features haver overshadowed other equally important features such as
instrumentation, performance style and social context
Schafer et al. conducted a meta analysis to understand reasons as to why people listen to music , what were the 3 reasons
social relatedness, self awareness and mood regulation
how do we define aesthetic experience
psychological state determined by interaction with an object which we attribute positive/negative qualities according to cognitive, affective or cultural criteria
what do neuroaesthetic attempt to do
understand the neural principles underlying processes that compose a human aesthetic experience with an artistic object
the aesthetic experience is dependent on what factors
previous experience, attitudes toward the stimuli, mood and biological predispositions
formalist theories focus on what
bottom up contributions (based on physical properties of the stimuli) -> responses as automatic
contextual theories focus on what
top down contributions (based on previous experience)
redies suggested aesthetic experiences are dependent on what processes
deep processing to engage cognitive, affective and evaluative processes
according to Redies model, three things need to happen in order to facilitate an aesthetic experience , what are these 3
- enhancement of low sensory processing
- involvement of cortical areas for making judgements
- involvement of reward circuits
neuroaesthetic research focuses on 3 elements of aesthetic experience … what are they
- aesthetic emotions -> subjective feelings of an artistic object
- preference -> conscious
- aesthetic judgements -> subjective evaluations based on individual criteria
what are the 5 factors that exert huge influence on aesthetic judgements
environment, intentions, familiarity, expertise and attitudes
what is a challenge to the study comparing music therapy to play therapy
how does overt behavior get coded
how are the behaviors in the music therapy experiment compared
using an interclass correlation coefficient
true or false - the improv group demonstrated more initiation of engagement behaviors than the toy play group
true
which result, of the experiment comparing the music therapy to play therapy, was consistent with the ideas of the mirror neuron system
there were more instances of emotional synchronicity in the improv group
define attunement
reactivity to other people
true or false - the improv group was less compliant than the play group
false - they were more compliant
along with the high proportion of compliant responses in the improv group, what other result promoted cooperative behaviors
improv group had half as many no responses -> refers to the child showing no sign of awareness to the therapist’s initation of interaction
