Lecture 11

Question 1

what are the various methodological issues related to role played by raters?

Answer 1

• time consuming
• subjective/open to bias
• unclear how to integrate scores related to quality and quantity

Question 2

what is the concept used to operationally define creativity as fluent production of high info content?

Answer 2

entropy

Question 3

what does musical creativity involve?

Answer 3

appropriate creations
- balance between staying within particular tradition, genre and making novel contributions

Question 4

what did Beaty find?

Answer 4

overlap in shared neural networks associated with various forms of creativity (not only music)
- prefrontal regions

Question 5

what do tasks involving musical creativity activate?

Answer 5

auditory-motor networks

Question 6

Limb and Braun studied what?

Answer 6

improvisation while playing either well practiced or novel melodies and scales

Question 7

what did the Limb study find?

Answer 7

• more activity in certain regions of PFC for novel condition and sensorimotor regions
• reductions in activation of other PFC areas (dorsolateral PFC)

Question 8

what 3 conditions did Bengtsson, Csikszentmihalyi and Ullen (BCU) measure?

Answer 8

• improvisation
• reproduction
• free improvisation

Question 9

improvisation

Answer 9

improvise with instructions to memories what was improvised

Question 10

reproduction

Answer 10

simply reproduce existing piece of music
- control

Question 11

free improvisation

Answer 11

improvise with instructions not to worry about memorizing what was played
- more constraint

Question 12

what is the additional demand on memory that affects creativity?

Answer 12

steals neutral resources that would be invested elsewhere

Question 13

what were the results from the BCU study?

Answer 13

• greater activation during improvisation in pre-supplementary motor area
• greater activation in dorsolateral PFC, STG and dorsal premotor cortices
• some more active in improv while other more active in free improv condition (trade offs)

Question 14

what did Berkowitz and Ansari compare?

Answer 14

activation during rhythmic and melodic improvisation

Question 15

what did Berkowitz and Ansari find?

Answer 15

similar activations regardless of which component improvised
- albeit more activation found in conditions involving melodic improvisation

Question 16

what is more challenging that improvising rhythm?

Answer 16

improvising melody and stacking notes

Question 17

what areas of the brain were strongly activated during improvisation in the Berkowitz and Ansari study?

Answer 17

• dorsal premotor cortex- coordinating movement
• anterior cingulate cortex - voluntary and/or internal selection and conflicting monitoring (error signals, conflict/performance monitoring)
• inferior frontal gyrus - sequence generation
• rostral cingulate zone - voluntary selection

Question 18

Liu study

Answer 18

compared conditions of pre-written rap or freestyle rap

Question 19

findings of Liu study

Answer 19

• up-regulation of mesial (middle) regions including default network (idea generation and self-referential processing)
• down-regulation of lateral regions (dorsolateral PFC) associated with rule-learning and executive control

Question 20

what network was also observed during creative tasks?

Answer 20

emotion

Question 21

motor and frontal regions have what kind of activity?

Answer 21

language

Question 22

Przysinda et al. study

Answer 22

• 3 diff groups of musicians make preference ratings about musical sequences that varied in predictability
• measured ERAN in musicians

Question 23

jazz musician likes _____ predictable sequences _____

Answer 23

highly
less

Question 24

what kinds of sequences did jazz musicians like?

Answer 24

unpredicatable

Question 25

findings of Przysinda study

Answer 25

larger amplitude signal for jazz musicians hearing unexpected sequences

Question 26

what was the suggestion about the findings from the Przysinda study?

Answer 26

up-regulation of Broca’s area following that kinds of experience and training

Question 27

why are some ERAN more sensitive?

Answer 27

more robust models that are built on previous experience allowing for more confident predictions and larger ERAN