Lecture 3 Flashcards
where does transduction specifically occur in the ear
inner ear -> basilar membrane
what kind of organization does the basilar membrane have
tonotopic organization
what does tonotopic organization mean
arrangement of neurons as a function of their response to tones of different frequencies
what are the structures involved in the neural auditory pathway
cochlear nucleus, primary auditory cortex and the superior temporal cortex
hair cells bend to low/high frequency farthest from the oval window
low
hair cells bend to low/high frequency closest to the oval window
high
true or false - the primary ascending auditory pathways are associated with unconscious reflexes
true
what is the secondary auditory pathway
it branches off and projects to the reticular formation
what is the reticular formation involved in
arousal
other than the reticular and ascending pathway, what is the last pathway and what is it involved in
audio-spinal pathway -> reflexive motor responses
true or false - the auditory does more of the preprocessing than the brain
false - the brain does most of the work before the signal even reaches the auditory cortex
______ is the first point at which the signals from left and right ear meet
superior olivary complex
why is the superior olivary complex important
makes judgements about the location for source of stimuli
this structure is involved in pitch and timing
inferior colliculus
what is the important node in the thalamus called
medical geniculate body
true or false - there is bottom up modulation in the auditory pathway
false - it is top down
where is the primary auditory cortex located
superior temporal lobe
provide the significance for Heschl’s gyrus
it is theorized to be a location where pitch is represented
what does amusia mean
tone deaf
true or false - the primary auditory cortex demonstrates tonotopic organization
true
describe the importance for the secondary audio cortex and the association cortex
understanding cognitive representation of the environment, processing melody and spatial grouping
what happens when pitches are different
there are two separate stream of notes that are perceived
explain the galloping effect
when the notes are very similar, the two streams can get crossed over
true or false - the superior temporal lobe is involved in melody processing
false - it is the superior temporal gyrus
what are melodic contours
progression of notes, sequence of melody
list the 3 functions of the superior temporal lobe
- categorical perception of major and minor chords
- processing melodic intervals
- processing melodic contours
what are the two structures involved in multi-sensory/multimodal integration
parietal cortex and superior temporal sulcus
what is an example of multimodal integration
copying a series of notes on the piano + seeing how the person’s fingers move on the piano -> combining auditory and visual input
the two flash illusion is an example of what
multi sensory integration
left auditory cortical areas have better ______ sensitivity
temporal
right auditory cortical areas have better _______
spectral resolution
what does the dual pathway model of auditory processing hypothesize
two pathways which originate from the primary auditory cortex contribute to processing higher order properties
name the two pathways involved in the dual pathway model
posterior dorsal stream and the anterior ventral auditory pathway
dorsal is the what/where stream
where
ventral is the what/where stream
what
posterior dorsal stream/anterior ventral auditory pathway is involved in temporal components and motion
posterior dorsal stream
true or false - musical training enhances memory performance in other non musical aspects
true
what activates the medial prefrontal cortex
tasks that require self-reference judgements -> autobiography memory
what is involuntary musical imagery associated with in the brain
cortical thickness in right frontal and temporal cortices, anterior cingulate and angular gyrus
________(what type of imagery) can activate the secondary auditory cortices, ________ frontal regions, _______
voluntary musical imagery
