Lecture 21 Flashcards
what are the constraints to human musicality?
- only hear frequencies within certain ranges
- only produce frequencies within certain ranges
the Smith study about behaviors operating on wide range of parameters demonstrated what results?
play 6266 notes in 4 mins- very fast
- rapid progression of notes
ASLAP
as slow as possible
- performance of Cage’s piece took 20-70 min
what was Wilson’s argument about the process of coevolution?
- brain and hand underwent process of coevolution
- development changes allowed us to use hands in new ways which influenced the way brain evolved
how was stone used to indicate how to shape tools?
- various sounds made when making stone tools which created selection pressures to evolve brains to be more sensitive to the auditory stimuli when carving the stone and get the shape of the blade properly without breaking
what is an example of an interaction between culture and neurology?
modulation of tonotopic organization of the hearing system
what did the Pantev show about neural responses to tones in trained musicians?
neural responses to piano tones are larger than to that of pure tones for trained musicians
what did the Pantev, Roberts, Schultz, Engelien, and Ross demonstrate about violinists and trumpeters response to tones?
- violinists and trumpeters demonstrate a larger neural response to tones from practiced instruments
- musical tones from instruments are “cultural artifacts”, different neural responses to these tools implies a shaping role of culture on brain
what are invariants?
characteristics of human culture that are universal in general sense but particularized by each culture
what is the goal of ethnomusicologists?
separate universal from cultural-specific features of music
what is the definition of universal?
more common than not or typical rather than being a feature that always appears in every single culture
what are some early evidences for universality of music?
- cave paintings with musical bow, musicians and dancers
- artifacts associated with rituals involving singing
why were cultural artifacts found in caves?
- protection
- caves important from rituals for accoustic purposes
idiophones
instruments that are struck
- gong
- ancient
membranophones
drums
- ancient
aerophones
wind-based instruments
- flutes
- ancient
electrophones
mechanical and electrical instruments
- modern
chordophones
instruments with strings
- modern
how could simultaneous development of many of these categories of instruments, amongst disparate groups of people that never interacted, be explained?
- independent
- development that emerged due to biological constraints
what are the five candidates for universals associated with temporal processing in the Drake and Bertrand study?
- segmentation and grouping
- predisposition toward regularity
- active search for regularity
- temporal zone for optimal processing
- predisposition toward simple duration ratios
segmentation and grouping
gestalt grouping laws
predisposition towards regularity
preferences for more regular sounding structures
- symmetry»_space; asymmetry
active search for regularity
model building and testing
- chorus comes up in similar form
temporal zone for optimal processing
differences in common timing parameters
- not too fast or slow
predisposition toward simple duration ratios
types of notes
what are the four types of universals cross-culturally in music in the Brown and Jordania study?
- conserved universals
- predominant patterns
- common patterns
- range universals
conserved universals
things that can be said to be embodied in all forms of musical representations, encompassing things like the use of discreet pitches
predominant patterns
things that occur in all musical systems and styles- precise rhythms and use of drums
common patterns
rather than being universals, things that are widespread like the use of music in religious ceremonies
range universals
certain categories of music/musical behavior that are expressed across wide range of possibilities
- just about all music can be categorized in terms of multipart texture
monophony
texture consisting of a single line of musical tones
- melodic quality
homophony
musical texture of several parts in which one melody predominates, the other parts may be either simple chords or more elaborate accompaniment pattern
polyphony
simultaneous combination of two or more tones or melodic lines
heterophony
simultaneous performance of different versions of same melody by different instruments or voices
what are some universal functions of music?
- entertainment
- communication
- symbolic representation
- emotional expression
- contribute to continuity and stability of culture and integration of society
what are some universal roles of music?
- lullabies
- dancing
- trance
- healing
- ethnic or group identity
- ceremonies and festivals
what is WEIRD?
western
educated
industrialized
rich
democratic
94% of published psych experiments are composed of participants from _____% of world’s population
12
what implications does globalization have for the prospects of learning about brains that haven’t been indoctrinated by Western styles of music?
- western music is widespread
- wide range of exposure so it is difficult to isolate western influences from the rest of the world
