Lecture 4

Question 1

what do many animals/humans have direct connections between?

Answer 1

motor and auditory cortices

Question 2

what do beta-band oscillations facilitate?

Answer 2

communication across circuits involved in rhythm perception and production

Question 3

what does connectivity between auditory and motor-based regions increase?

Answer 3

• active listening to/encoding auditory rhythms
• musical training

Question 4

what do stronger beats increase?

Answer 4

corticospinal excitability
- enhanced with musical training

Question 5

what helps facilitate foot tapping?

Answer 5

delivering TMS in time with piece of music

Question 6

what kind of link do auditory and motor-related areas have?

Answer 6

functional and anatomical

Question 7

what does the cerebellum do?

Answer 7

• receive input from cortical regions via brainstem (prefrontal, frontal, parietal, superior temporal)
• sends output via thalamus back to all those regions
• prediction and control

Question 8

what do the error signals do in cortico-cerebella network?

Answer 8

plays a vital role in performance monitoring purpose of guiding/refining behavior
- processing discrepancies in intended and actual behavior

Question 9

what does the olivocerebellar circuit do?

Answer 9

• modulate output sent from cerebellum to sensorimotor cortical areas
• involved in coordinating precise timing in sequence of actions
• generate absolute timing signals (neural clock) to perceive and produce temporal dynamics of music

Question 10

what did research establish about the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 10

modulates higher level cog functions
- executive function
- working memory
- attention
- emotion
- musical perception (pitch and timbre)

Question 11

frequency

Answer 11

number of cycles within given time period
- related to perception of pitch

Question 12

amplitude

Answer 12

difference in pressure between high and low peaks of wave
- related to perception of loudness

Question 13

timbre

Answer 13

all other perceptual aspects of sound besides loudness, pitch and duration
- related to harmonics, attack and decay

Question 14

attack of tones

Answer 14

buildup of sound at beginning of a tone

Question 15

decay of tones

Answer 15

decrease in sound at end of tone

Question 16

why do instruments all sounds different from one another?

Answer 16

harmonics

Question 17

periodic tones

Answer 17

tones which waveform repeats
- pure and complex

Question 18

periodic complex tones

Answer 18

number of pure tones called harmonics

Question 19

fundamental frequency

Answer 19

repetition rate
- first harmonic

Question 20

higher harmonics

Answer 20

additional harmonics
- multiples of fundamental freq

Question 21

frequency spectra

Answer 21

plots harmonics of a complex sound

Question 22

overtones/harmonic frequencies

Answer 22

one frequency gives rise to a series of additional frequencies

Question 23

what does differences in timbre produce?

Answer 23

higher level harmonics and attack/decay

Question 24

what do the position of the lines on horizontal axis of frequency spectra indicate?

Answer 24

frequencies of harmonics
- height = intensities

Question 25

what does the basal ganglia do?

Answer 25

motor control/learning
executive function
emotion
motivation

Question 26

what does the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network do?

Answer 26

beat perception

Question 27

what happens to the functional connectivity between the basal ganglia, cortical motor areas and auditory cortex?

Answer 27

increase when exposed to music with clear and strong beats

Question 28

beat

Answer 28

equally spaces intervals of time
- no notes
- creates framework for other components of music to fit into

Question 29

rhythm

Answer 29

temporal strucutre created by inter-onset interval of notes

Question 30

how can a beat be likened to pulse of music?

Answer 30

creating a regular framework that the melody fits into to create rhythmic pattern

Question 31

what hormone plays a role in beat perception?

Answer 31

dopamine

Question 32

how do you maintain beat-based representations internally when external reference cues are removed?

Answer 32

greater activation of dopaminergic-relevant areas (putamen in dorsal striatum)

Question 33

what happened to patients with disorders affecting dopaminergic pathways?

Answer 33

difficulty with improving performance in timing-based tasks

Question 34

what does dopmaine depletion impair?

Answer 34

impairs processing of temporal info