Lecture 4 Flashcards
what do many animals/humans have direct connections between?
motor and auditory cortices
what do beta-band oscillations facilitate?
communication across circuits involved in rhythm perception and production
what does connectivity between auditory and motor-based regions increase?
- active listening to/encoding auditory rhythms
- musical training
what do stronger beats increase?
corticospinal excitability
- enhanced with musical training
what helps facilitate foot tapping?
delivering TMS in time with piece of music
what kind of link do auditory and motor-related areas have?
functional and anatomical
what does the cerebellum do?
- receive input from cortical regions via brainstem (prefrontal, frontal, parietal, superior temporal)
- sends output via thalamus back to all those regions
- prediction and control
what do the error signals do in cortico-cerebella network?
plays a vital role in performance monitoring purpose of guiding/refining behavior
- processing discrepancies in intended and actual behavior
what does the olivocerebellar circuit do?
- modulate output sent from cerebellum to sensorimotor cortical areas
- involved in coordinating precise timing in sequence of actions
- generate absolute timing signals (neural clock) to perceive and produce temporal dynamics of music
what did research establish about the role of the cerebellum?
modulates higher level cog functions
- executive function
- working memory
- attention
- emotion
- musical perception (pitch and timbre)
frequency
number of cycles within given time period
- related to perception of pitch
amplitude
difference in pressure between high and low peaks of wave
- related to perception of loudness
timbre
all other perceptual aspects of sound besides loudness, pitch and duration
- related to harmonics, attack and decay
attack of tones
buildup of sound at beginning of a tone
decay of tones
decrease in sound at end of tone
why do instruments all sounds different from one another?
harmonics
periodic tones
tones which waveform repeats
- pure and complex
periodic complex tones
number of pure tones called harmonics
fundamental frequency
repetition rate
- first harmonic
higher harmonics
additional harmonics
- multiples of fundamental freq
frequency spectra
plots harmonics of a complex sound
overtones/harmonic frequencies
one frequency gives rise to a series of additional frequencies
what does differences in timbre produce?
higher level harmonics and attack/decay
what do the position of the lines on horizontal axis of frequency spectra indicate?
frequencies of harmonics
- height = intensities
what does the basal ganglia do?
motor control/learning
executive function
emotion
motivation
what does the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network do?
beat perception
what happens to the functional connectivity between the basal ganglia, cortical motor areas and auditory cortex?
increase when exposed to music with clear and strong beats
beat
equally spaces intervals of time
- no notes
- creates framework for other components of music to fit into
rhythm
temporal strucutre created by inter-onset interval of notes
how can a beat be likened to pulse of music?
creating a regular framework that the melody fits into to create rhythmic pattern
what hormone plays a role in beat perception?
dopamine
how do you maintain beat-based representations internally when external reference cues are removed?
greater activation of dopaminergic-relevant areas (putamen in dorsal striatum)
what happened to patients with disorders affecting dopaminergic pathways?
difficulty with improving performance in timing-based tasks
what does dopmaine depletion impair?
impairs processing of temporal info
