Lecture 33 Flashcards
the SAME model was used to explain what?
how/why music can lead to emotional responses
Molnar-Szakacs and Overy used what system to propose the SAME model can explain how music can lead to emotional responses?
MNS
what does the theory that the SAME model can explain why music can lead to emotional responses propose?
music is not only interpreted in terms of acoustic signal and in the context of intentional, hierarchically organized sequences of expressive motor acts behind the signal
-> autistic people process properties and build a model that predicts what is next and what produces the music
what brain regions are associated with SAME model that allows for interpreting musical representations in the context of automatic and emotional representations?
the anterior insula connects the MNS with the limbic system
what are the kinds of responses that occur when the insula connects the MNS with the limbic system?
promote various kinds of complex affective or emotional responses
Molnar-Szakacks et al. used neuroimaging to see how brains of autistic people and control responded to emotional content embodied within musical representations -> what are the results?
both the behavioral responses and patterns of neural activation for both groups -> overall accuracy rates and identify happy music faster than sad or peaceful
the results of Molnar-Szakacks et al. study showed activation in what regions of the brain?
found regions important for processing acoustic signla (STG,thalamus) and part of the MNS (posterior IFG, PMC) and structures for emotional processing (amygdala, medial orbitofrontal cortex and ACC)
what do the results of the Molnar-Szakacks et al. study suggest?
suggests that autistic individuals have an intact MNS that responds typically to some stimuli which contradicts the broken mirrors hypothesis
Caria, Venuti, de Falco found activation in cortical/subcortical structures involved in what kinds of processing?
emotional and reward processing when presented with happy and sad music
Caria, Venuti, de Falco results are consistent with Molnar-Szakacks study results to show what kind of processing?
stimulus-specific effect of impaired emotional processing
what is used to predict ASD diagnosis?
patterns of eye movements -> autistic children do not attend to faces and voices the same ways other infants/children do
what do ASD children not engage in?
social referencing -> attending to other people’s rxns during ambiguous situations to help interpret them
why do kids with ASD not engage in social referencing?
do not find a significance in social cues possibly due to lack of interest in decoding social cues
what is a parallel to autistic children’s ability to have social skills by connecting with music?
dementia patients as musical memory is more robust and functional for longer than any other systems
what part of the brain is important for emotion perception?
insula -> can be implicated in cases in which emotion perceiving deficits are observed
what is the insula associated with?
subjective perception of emotional states and can demonstrate hypoactivity across range of tasks
what are high levels of alexithymia associated with?
hypoactivation in anterior insula
-> correlation between activity in regions and scores on empathetic concern and perspective-taking scales
-> better performance = more insula activation
what does the SAME model suggest about the insula?
the insula plays an important role in linking regions that integrate sensory info with both MNS and limbic system
the deficits found so far are related to what?
disruptions in the flow of info across netowrks
basic emotions are thought to be ________ _______and associated with ______ ______ that are automatically produced
culturally universal
facial expressions
what does attending to facial expressions play a role in?
learning process
mothers often mimic a baby’s facial expression which serves as what kinds of cue?
prelinguistic cue to reinforce the identification of a specific emotional state
how do prelinguistic representation get reinforced?
when language emerges in various ways
what happens to infants who get diagnosed with ASD later on in life?
do not preferentially attend to familiar faces such as caregivers
why does alexithymia occur?
as a consequence of not having sufficient opportunities to map internal feelings onto external representation that can serve as reference point
how is technology used to hypothesize about alexithymia?
uses cameras and AI to assess facial expressions in real time and provide feedback
what are the steps in the Allen and Heaton model?
- develop a link between cog hook (or sign) and a particular feeling
- develop a link between cog hook/sign and a culturally universal label -> listening to music and spending time with the child can help figure out what the feelings are (associative learning)
what is associative learning dependent on and who it is found in?
relatively typically in high-functioning with ASD and depends on a skill they already have
what is a challenge with using the Allen/Heaton model?
finding a set of musical stimuli that reliably induces certain moods and is a viable possibility
-> have to tailor the stimuli to specific individual
-> salience of links can be increased by finding additional external stimuli related to internal state being learnt
