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Pathology > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What does disease affecting crypts of Lierberkuhn cause

A

Severe mucosal loss

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2
Q

Does the GIT have a large surface area

A

Yes

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3
Q

What happens when the GIT is damaged

A

Loss of large amounts of protein, fluid and electrolytes

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4
Q

List the defence mechanisms of the intestinal tract

A
  • Normal bacterial flora
  • Gastric and intestinal secretions
  • Bile and pancreatic secretions
  • Peristalsis
  • Epithelial turnover
  • Antibodies Ig A and M
  • Gut associated lymphoid tissue
  • Kupffer cells of liver
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5
Q

What are the pathogenic mechanisms of diarrhoea

A
  • Malabsorption
  • Hypersecretion
  • Exudation
  • Hypermotility
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6
Q

What sort of diarrhoea does malabsorption cause

A

Osmotic esp in small intestine

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7
Q

What is hypersecretion by and what does it cause

A

By structurally intact mucosa

Efflux of fluid and electrolytes

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8
Q

What does exudation cause

A

Increased permeability and protein losing enteropathy

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9
Q

What are the consequences of acute gastro-entero-colitis

A
  • Dehydration
  • Acid base disturbances
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Hypovolaemic shock and death
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10
Q

With dehydration what does hypovolaemia cause

A

Reduced tissue perfusion

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11
Q

What is metabolic acidosis

A

Tissue hypoxia -> anaerobic glycolysis -> ketoacidosis and there is a bicarbonate loss from diarrhoea

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12
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis from

A

HCl loss from vomiting

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13
Q

What does the electrolyte imbalance cause

A

Decreased neuromuscular control of myocardium

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14
Q

What can be caused with chronic diarrhoea

A

Hypoproteinaemia

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15
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia caused by

A
  • Loss of protein and other nutrients
  • Weight loss
  • Oedema, bottle jaw, anasarca
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16
Q

What is atresia

A

Occlusion of lumen due to abnormal development - segment of intestine occluded or completely missing

17
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Blind ended sac near jejunum-ileum junction

18
Q

What is a megacolon

A

Large colon, usually faecal filled absent or damaged colonic innervation

19
Q

What can cause intestinal obstruction

A
  • Foreign bodies
  • Impaction
  • Strictures
  • Enteroloths
20
Q

What are some examples of foreign bodies

A

Obstruction +/ or toxicosis
Linear foreign bodies
Phytobezoars, trichobezoars

21
Q

What are some examples of impaction

A

Feed
Sand
Nematodes

22
Q

What does trichobezoar cause

A

Generally incidental finding but may cause partial/complete obstruction

23
Q

What is trichobezoar

A

Composed of hair

24
Q

What is intussusception

A

A segment of intestine telescoped into the immediately distal segment

25
Q

What is intussusception associated with

A

Intestinal irritability and hyper motility

26
Q

What does intussusception cause

A

Obstruction of intestine

27
Q

Whta is paralytic ileus

A

Non-mechanical hypo motility - intestine is refractory to nerve discharge

28
Q

What does paralytic ileus result in

A

Functional obstruction

29
Q

What can cause paralytic ileus

A 
Intestinal manipulation at surgery 
Anaestheia/drugs 
Peritonitis
Toxaemia 
Shock 
Electrolyte imbalances 
Uraemia 
Tetanis
30
Q

What is the process of intestinal hernias

A

Herniation -> incarceration -> strangulation

31
Q

What is internal herniation

A

Displacement though a normal or pathological foramen in the abdominal cavity

32
Q

What is an external herniation

A 
A pouch (sac) of peritoneum penetrates outside abdominal cavity
Protrusion of intestines out through abdominal wall
33
Q

What is included in the small intestine

A

Suodenum, jejnum, ileum

34
Q

What is included in the large intestine

A

Colon, caecum

35
Q

What is steatorrhoea

A

Yellow faeces due to excessive fat

36
Q

What are M cells good for

A

The uptake of antigens

Pathology (26 decks)

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