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Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the onset and rate of PM changes depend on

A
  1. Environmental and body temperature 2. Cause of death
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2
Q

Are PM changes pathological

A

No, because it occurs after death

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3
Q

What must you refrigerate bodies and not freeze them

A

Intra and extracellular crystals disrupt cells and makes histopathological interpretation difficult

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4
Q

What tissues decompose more rapidly

A

GIT and nervous tissue

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5
Q

What do tissues need to be fixed in to be able to determine subtle histological changes

A

Formalin

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6
Q

Define Rigor Mortis

A

Contraction of muscles after death

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7
Q

Why does rigor mortis occur

A

Depletion of glycogen prevents synthesis of ATP after death and without ATP the muscle fibres do not relax, resulting in contraction of muscles and immobilisation of joints

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8
Q

What muscles have rigor mortis first

A

Involuntary muscles then voluntary muscles starting with the head and defending to the trunk and libs

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9
Q

When does rigor mortis occur

A

1-6 hours of death

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10
Q

How long can rigor mortis persist

A

1-2 days

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11
Q

What animals have stronger rigor mortis

A

Muscular animals

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12
Q

What accelerates onset of rigor

A

High temperature and activity before death

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13
Q

What animals may not show rigor mortis

A

Animals with cachexia or extreme malnutrition

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14
Q

What don’t animals with cachexia or extreme malnutrition show rigor

A

Because stores of ATP and glycogen are so low that contraction of myofibres is not possible

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15
Q

What is Algor Mortis

A

Gradual cooling of the cadaver

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16
Q

With algor what is cooling dependent on

A

Temperature

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17
Q

What not to confuse lens opacity with

A

Cataracts

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18
Q

What is another name for livor mortis

A

Hypostatic congestion

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19
Q

What is livor mortis/hypostatic congestion

A

Gravitational pull of blood to the down side of the animal

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20
Q

When does livor mortis/hypostatic congestion occur

A

Within an hour of death

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21
Q

where is livor mortis/hypostatic congestion seen

A

Externally in the skin

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22
Q

What colour animal is livor mortis/hypostatic congestion best seen in

A

On white animals

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23
Q

What do you get with bloating

A

Organ displacement

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24
Q

Where can you see livor mortis/hypostatic congestion internally the best

A

Lungs

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25
What happens before the blood clots
Erythrocytes settle to the bottom of large vessels
26
What does the settlement of erythrocytes mean
2 portions - Bottom red mass - Upper pale yellowish mass
27
What is the bottom red mass known as
Red current jelly clot
28
What is the upper pale yellowish mass known as
Chicken fat clot
29
What is separation of blood clots dependent on
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
30
What animal is Erythrocyte sedimentation rate high in
Horses and animals with systemic inflammatory reaction
31
Why is ESR high in animals with systemic inflammatory reaction
Increased plasma fibrinogen which causes erythrocytes to stack
32
What does post mortem clotting need to be distinguished from
Antimortem thrombi and thromboembolism
33
How do you remove the clot
Forceps
34
Describe postmortem clots
Unattached to vessel walls, tend to be shiny and wet and form a perfect cast of vessel lumens
35
Describe antimortem arterial thrombi
Attached, tend to be dry and duller and are laminated with tail extending downstream
36
Describe antimortem venous thrombi
Loosely attached and may resemble postmortem blots
37
Define autolysis
Breakdown/decomposition of cells after death
38
Why does decomposition upon death occur
1. Failure to maintain ion gradient and cell membrane integrity 2. Cell membrane degrades and ruptures 3. Cell contents spill into interstitial and their cytology proteolytic enzymes further degrade exposed cells 4. Chain reaction of decomposition that results from digestion of tissue by intrinsic enzymes is called autolysis
39
What is another pathway for decomposition due to bacterial proliferation and consumption
Putrefaction (gas production and odours)
40
Explain putrefaction
Bacterial metabolism and dissolution of tissues result in colour and texture change - softening of tissues is due to autolysis of cells and actions of bacteria - Tissue becomes friable
41
After death the body decomposes. What is the first step and what occurs later on
1. Autolysis 2. Bacterial putrefaction
42
What is the difference between mummification and maceration
Mummification is desiccation with no bacteria where maceration has bacteria
43
What does haemoglobin imbibition refer to
Pink/red staining of tissue
44
What occurs in haemoglobin imbibition
Haemoglobin from lysed erythrocytes penetrates vessel walls and surrounding tissues
45
Where is haemoglobin imbibition commonly seen
Heart and walls of large arteries and in veins several hours after death
46
Where is haemoglobin imbibition very obvious
In aborted foetuses that have been retained for several hours or days in the uterus
47
When does bile imbibition occur
Several hours after death
48
What happens with bile imbibition
Bile from gall bladder penetrates its wall and stains adjacent tissue yellowish green
49
Where is bile ambition seen
1. Adjacent liver and intestines in contact with the gall bladder 2. Adjacent to large bile duct
50
What are some other post mortem changes
1. Bloating - ruminants, horses 2. Organ displacement by gas in the intestinal tract 3. Pale areas in the liver 4. Mucosal sloughing in the rumen rapidly occurs 5. Bloody nasal discharge 6. Rectal or vaginal prolapse are usually artefacts
51
What is bloating difficult to distinguish from
Anti-mortem bloat (luminal tympany) in ruminants
52
Why do pale areas in the liver occur post mortem
Due to increased intra-abdominal pressure from gas filled intestines or focal action of postmortem bacteria
53
Why does Rectal or vaginal prolapse occur
due to gas distention of abdominal viscera
54
Why is bloat common in ruminants
Rumen microbes may produce abundant gas, causing carcass to swell tremendously
55
Explain
Lens opacity from cooling - algor mortis
56
Hypostatic congestion - livor mortis
57
Hypostatic congestion
58
Postmortem clotting
59
Postmortem autolysis
60
Haemoglobin imbition
61
Bile imbition
62
Rectal prolapse

Pathology (26 decks)

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