Lecture 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are congenital melanosis

A
  • Incidental finding: pig and cattle
  • Black spots
  • May be present in the meninges and intima of the aorta
  • No clinical significance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A

Congenital melanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pulmonary calcification

A
  • Occurs in hypercalcaemic states - secondary to hypervitaminosis D
  • Common sequela to
    • Uraemia from chronic renal failure
    • Hyperadrenocorticism
    • Pulmonary necrosis
  • Calcified lungs fail to collapse when thoracic cavity is opened and have a gritty texture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
A

Uremic pneumopathy: chronic renal failure - dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A

Pulmonary ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is needed in normal lungs

A
  • Balanced ratio of volumes of air to capillary blood must be present for normal respiration
  • Air and capillary blood must be in close proximity across the alveolar wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does a ventilation-perfusion mismatch cause

A
  • Collapsed (atelectasis)
  • Overinflated (emphysema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is atelectasis

A

Incomplete distension of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes atelectasis

A
  • Congenital
    • Lungs failed to expand with air at birth
  • Acquired
    • Lung has collapsed after inflation has taken place
      • Obstructive
      • Compressive
        *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What will normally aerated lungs float in

A

Atelectic pieces of lung will sing in formalin

  • If neonatal animals have not breathed at birth
  • If older animals have acquired atelectasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 types of Atelectasis

A

A = normal alveoli

B = obstructive atelectasis

C = compressive atelectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is congenital atelectasia

A

Lungs failed to expand with air at birth

  • Failure of lungs to expand is often because of obstruction with amniotic fluid or meconium
  • Also occurs if alveoli fail to stay inflated because of altered qualtiy and quantity of pulmonary surfactant produced by type 2 pneumonocytes and club cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 2 forms of acquired atelectasis

A

Compressive atelectasis

  • Pressure from outside the lungs
  • Space occupying masses in pleural cavity
  • Transfered pressure
    • Bloat
    • Hydrothorax, haemothorax, chylothorax, pyothoras
    • Loss of negative pressure becuase of pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia

Obstructive atelectasis

  • Obstruction of airways within lungs
  • Reduction in airway diameter
    • Mucosal oedema or inflammation
  • Blockage of airways
    • Mucus plugs, exudate, aspirated foregin material, lung worm
  • Occurs when large animals are recumbent for long periods of time
    • Due to a combination of mucus not being drained from bronchioles and alveoli, blood-flow imbalances, shallow breathing, inadequate surfactant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the appearance of atelectasis

A
  • Depressed below the adjacent surfact of normal lung
  • Dark blue/red in colour
  • Multifocally distributed
  • Lobular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A

Congenital atelectasis: neonatal calf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A

Aquired atelectasis: compressive

Dog with hydrothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A

Acquired atelectasis: obstructive

Pig with pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A

Diaphragmatic hernia in a cat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Pulmonary Emphysema

A
  • Excessive air in the pulmonary system
    • Alveolar or interstitial
  • Always secondary to obstruction of outflow of air or agonal at slaughter
  • Frequently secondary to bronchopneuonia where exudate partly blocks bronchi and bronchioles
  • Can be classified as alveolar or interstitial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is alveolar pulmonary emphysema

A

Distention and rupture of alveolar walls forming variable sized air bubbles

Exacerbrated by chronic coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is intestinal pulmonary emphysema

A
  • Air bubbles in interstitial tissues
    • Mainly occurs in cattle because of lack of collateral ventilation and wide interlobular septa
22
Q
A

Bovine Interstitial Emphysema

23
Q
A

Bovine Interstitial Emphysema

24
Q
A

Bovie Interstitial Emphysema

25
What is hyperaemia
* Active: increased blood in vessels as part of acute inflammation
26
What is congestion
* Passive: decreased outflow of venous blood as occurs in congestive heart failure * Stagnation of blood in vessels leads to oedema and regression of erythrocytes into alveoli
27
What is pumonary congestion in heart failure
* What is alveolar macrophages phagocytose erythrocytes ​ * When severe, many macrphages with brown pigment accumulate in bronchoalveolar space * Lungs have a patchy red and brown apperance * In chronic caseslungs fail to collapse due to odeam and fibrosis
28
29
Acute pulonary congestion - dog
30
Chronic passive congestion - dog 'Heart failure cells' containing haemosiderin
31
What is hypostatic congestion a result of
* Gravity and poor circulation * Built up of blood on the lower lung of animals in lateral recumbency for a lonf period * Seen in cattle and hoses * May also have hypostatic odema and affected animals are prone to disruped defense system and infection
32
What are the causes of pulmonary haemorrhage
* Trauma * Coagulopathies * Disseminated intra-vascular coagulation * Septicaemia * Rupture of a major pulmonary vessel may occur in association with lung abscess * Excercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in race horses following excerecise
33
Haemorrhaes - ferret lung
34
Fatal pulmonary haemorrhage from a lung abscess
35
Fatalpulmonary haemorrhage from lung abscess
36
What are the effects of pulmonary oedema
* Hydrostatic oedema * Mostly left sided heart failure * Fluid in alveoli * Iatrogenic fluid overload * Reduced blood osmotic pressure * Hypoalbuminaemia secondary to * Hepatic failure * Nephrotic syndrome * Protein losing enteropathy * Inflammatory oedema * Oedema accompanies many viral infections and inhaled toxicants * Type 1 pneumoncytes are highly vulnerable to damage
37
What is pulmonary oedema
* Grossly, lungs are wet and heavy * Fluid may be present in the plural cavity * On cut service, the lung parenchyma oozes fluid * In cattle and pigs, lobular pattern is accentuated due to oedema and dilated lymphatics in the interlobular septia * Considerable amounts of frothy fluid in the trachea and bronchi
38
Pulmonary oedema - cow
39
Pulmonary oedema - pig
40
Pulmonary oedema -pig
41
Pulmonary oedema: rat lung
42
What is pulmonary embolism
* Vast vascular network means the lung catches many emboli * Most common are thromboemboli, bacterial emboli, fat emboli and tumour emboli * Sources include valvular endocarditis, hepatic abscess, septic arthritis and omphalitis in farm animlas, fat from bone fractures * Dirofilaria immitis and angiostrongulus vasorum in dogs
43
Acute to subacute embolic pneumonia, lung, dog
44
Jugular thrombophlebitis and pulmonary thromboembolism Jugular vein and lung: cow
45
What is pleural effusions
* Hydrothorax * Heartfailure, hypoproteinaemia, obstructed lymphatics, increased vascular permeability * Haemothorax * Trauma, coagulopathies, aortic rupture * Chylothorax * Lymph rich in lipids from ruptured thoracic duct * Pyothorax * Purulent material: bacterail infections
46
Haemothorax - dog
47
Cylothorax
48
Fibrinous Pleuritis
49
Pyothorax: nocardiosis
50
Pyothorax