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Parasitology > Lecture 5: Flies and Myiasis > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Flies and Myiasis Flashcards

1
Q

Flies belong to what insect class

A

Diptera

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2
Q

Adult flies have __ pair of wings

A

1

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3
Q

Adult of all species have 1 pair of ___ modified wings

A

Halteres

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4
Q

What is the purpose of halteres

A

Balancing organs
Club shaped

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5
Q

Do flies undergo a holometabolous or heterometabolous metamorphosis

A

Complete holometabolous metamorphosis

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6
Q

What is the complete metamorphosis cycle of flies

A

Egg—>larvae—> pupa—> adult

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7
Q

oviparous

A

Eggs hatched outside of parents body

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8
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Eggs hatched inside parents body

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9
Q

What does hematophagous mean

A

blood feeding species with biting mouthparts

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10
Q

What are the 3 main groups of flies (Diptera)

A
  1. Nematocera
  2. Brachycera
  3. Cyclorrhapha
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11
Q

What are examples of nematocera flies

A

Mosquitoes, black flies, midges, and sandflies

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12
Q

What are some examples of brachycera flies

A

Horseflies and deerflies

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13
Q

What are some examples of cyclorrhapha flies

A

Myiasis:Blowflies, botflies, face flies
non biting: housefly and face fly
biting: stable fly, horn fly, tstete fly, and ked or louse fly

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14
Q

Larvae of which type of fly feed on host animal tissue

A

Cyclorrhapha

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15
Q

What is myasis

A

Larvae that feed on host animal tissue

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16
Q

Why are biting flies clinically important

A
  1. Painful/irritating disrupt normal behaviors (reduce production)
  2. Inflammation- pruritis and dermatitis, scratching, rubbing biting
  3. Severe blood loss
  4. Pathogens transmitted
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17
Q

What can severe inflammatory reactions to biting flies lead to

A

Alopecia, secondary bacterial infections, production losses, death

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18
Q

What is the clinical importance of non-biting flies

A
  1. Annoy animals and disrupt normal behavior (production losses)
  2. Spines on mouthparts irritate/damage mucous membranes
  3. Transmission of pathogens
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19
Q

What is the clinical importance of myiasis

A
  1. Tissue destruction
  2. Obstruction (respiratory passages, GI)
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20
Q

How can a taxonomic ID be achieved

A

Preserve in 70% ethanol and identify via pictorial keys

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21
Q

What can be done in a comprehensive control program of flies

A
  1. Reduce host exposure to adult flies, eliminate eggs/larvae on hosts
  2. Control existing environmental infestation (all life stages)
  3. Prevent subsequent re-infestation of host and/or environment
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22
Q

What are some treatment/prevention options for adult flies

A
  1. Insecticides
  2. Oral insect growth regulators (disrupt life cycle)
  3. Repellants
  4. Fly masks
  5. Smudge pots
  6. Shelter for animals
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23
Q

What are some treatment and prevention options against myiasis

A
  1. Insecticides
  2. Macrocyclic lactones
  3. Physical removal of host, cleaning and debridement of wounds
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24
Q

How can you treat and prevent horse bot eggs

A

Scrape eggs off host or apply warm water and insecticide

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25
Q

Permethrin is toxic for what species

A

Cats

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26
Q

Ivermectin is toxic in some breeds of what species

A

Dogs

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27
Q

What chemical/drug is not approved for lactating cows

A

Ivermectin

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28
Q

What are some environmental control methods

A
  1. Removal or larval habitat
  2. Chemical control
  3. Biological control
  4. Screens, traps, zappers
  5. Monitoring
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29
Q

What is the appropriate chemical control for adult flies

A

Insecticides

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30
Q

What is the appropriate chemical control for larvae

A

Insecticides, insect growth regulators, smothering agents

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31
Q

What are some biological controls

A

Parasitoid wasps and bacillius thuringiensis

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32
Q

Parasitoid wasps target what type of pupae

A

Cyclorrhaphans- house flies, face flies

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33
Q

What are some examples of non-chemical control methods for adult flies

A

Screens, fly traps, flypaper, zappers

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34
Q

what are some examples for non-chemical control methods for mosquito larvae

A

Modification of aquatic habitat (source reduction)

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35
Q

What types of mosquitoes afflict mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians

A

Aides, anopheles, culex

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36
Q

Culicidae are what type of Nematocera

A

Mosquitoes

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37
Q

What pathogens are commonly carried by mosquitoes

A

Canine heartworm, plasmodium spp (malaria), west Nile, EEE, rift valley fever, and feline mosquito bite hypersensitivity

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38
Q

What rare reaction can cats have to mosquitoes

A

Feline mosquito bite hypersensitivity resulting in exsanguination

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39
Q

Simuliidae are what type of Nematocera

A

Black flies

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40
Q

What type of black fly commonly feeds on blood of birds and mammals

A

Simulium

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41
Q

What pathogens can be carried by black flies

A
  1. Filiaroid nematodes of equids and ruminants
  2. leucocytozoon spp of poultry and other birds
  3. Vesicular stomatitis virus- equids, cattle, swine
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42
Q

what is leucocytozoon

A

Parasitic Protozoa of poultry and other birds

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43
Q

What fly can cause simuliotoxicosis in equids, ruminants, swine, birds

A

Black flies

44
Q

Ceratopogonidae are what type of Nematocera

A

Midges

45
Q

What type of midges are biters of mammals and birds

A

Culicoides spp

46
Q

What pathogens can be spread by midges

A
  1. Filarioid nematodes of equids, bovids, and canids
  2. Leucocytozoon spp and haemoproteus of poultry and other birds
  3. Bluetongue, African horse sickness
  4. Equine allergic dermatitis
47
Q

What type of Nematocera can cause equine allergic dermatitis

A

Midges (Ceratopogonidae)

48
Q

Psychodidae are what type of Nematocera

A

Sandflies

49
Q

What type of of sandflies attach mammals, birds and reptiles

A

Lutzomyia, phlebotomus

50
Q

What pathogens do sandflies pass

A
  1. Leishmania spp
    2, vesicular stomatitis virus
51
Q

What type of Brachycera is Tabanidae

A

Horseflies and deer flies

52
Q

What pathogens can brachycera flies pass

A
  1. Filaroid nematodes of ruminants and other mammals
  2. Tyrpanosoma spp of undulates and other mammals
  3. francisella tularensis, anaplasma, anthrax
  4. Equine infectious anemia, WEEV
53
Q

what are Haematobia spp. in the cyclorrhapha family

A

Horn flies

54
Q

What type of adult flies live on cattle, feed frequently and cause heavy production losses

A

Cyclorrhapha, horn flies

55
Q

What pathogens can horn flies spread

A
  1. Stephanofilaria stilesi- filaroid nematode of cattle
  2. Staphylococcus aureus- mastitis and skin lesions
56
Q

what is Stomoxys spp. in the cyclorrhapha family

A

Stable flies

57
Q

What type of pathogens can stable flies spread

A
  1. Spirurid nematodes of equids
  2. Potential vector of bovine anaplasmosis
  3. Equine infectious anemia
58
Q

What fly is a potential vector for bovine anaplasmosis

A

Stable flies (Biting fly)

59
Q

What are Hippoboscidae in cyclorrhapha family

A

Keds or louse flies

60
Q

What type of Cyclorrhapha are dorsoventrally flattened parasites of birds ruminants, equids and other mammals

A

Keds or louse flies

61
Q

What type of ked is wingless; entire life is spent on host

A

Sheep ked

62
Q

What can the sheep ked cause

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Damage to wool/hides
  3. Tyrpanosoma melophagium
    4 blue tongue virus
63
Q

what is Glossinidae in the cyclorrhapha family

A

Tsetse flies

64
Q

What are tsetse flies vectors for

A

Tyrpanosoma Brunei—> nagana and sleeping sickness

65
Q

what are the 4 cyclorrhapha biting flies

A
  1. Horn flies (Haematobia spp.)
  2. Stable flies (stomoxys)
  3. Ked or louse flies (Hippoboscidae)
  4. Tsetse flies (Glossinidae)
66
Q

what type of cyclorrhapha are Musca autumnalis

A

Face fly

67
Q

What type of Cyclorrhapha feed on ocular/nasal discharges of cattle and other livestock

A

Face flies

68
Q

What type of pathogens can be caused by faced flies

A
  1. Spiruid nematodes of cattle and equids
  2. Moraxella Bovis—> bovine keratoconjutivitis
69
Q

what type of cyclorrhapha are Musca domestica

A

Housefly

70
Q

What is the most abundant insect pest associated with livestock, poultry and people

A

Housefly

71
Q

What does the housefly feed on

A

Ocular/nasal fluids, other bodily fluids

72
Q

What pathogens can the house fly spread

A
  1. Spirurid nematodes of equids
  2. Chicken tapeworm (choanotaenia infindibulum)
  3. Implicated in transmission of diverse microbes, enteric pathogens
73
Q

What are the 2 non-biting cyclorrhapha flies

A
  1. Face fly (Musca autumnalis)
  2. Housefly (Musca domestica)
74
Q

What are obligate (primary) myiasis

A

Larvae REQUIRE a live host for food

75
Q

What are facultative (secondary) myiasis

A

Larvae usually eat carrion, sometimes infest live animals

76
Q

What type of Cyclorrhapha are Sarcophagidae

A

Flesh flies

77
Q

Are flesh flies of the sacrophagiade family obligate or facultative

A

Both

78
Q

what type of flesh fly is Wohlfahrtia vigil

A

Gray flesh fly

79
Q

Are gray flesh flies (wohlfahrtia vigil) obligate or facultative myiasis

A

Obligate- primarily in young mammals and birds

80
Q

what type of cyclorrhapha is Calliphoridae

A

Blowflies

81
Q

Are blowflies (calliphoridae) obligate or facultative

A

Both

82
Q

Adult blowflies have ___ colors and transmit ____

A

Metallic colors and transmit pathogenic microbes

83
Q

what type of blowfly is Cochliomyia hominivorax

A

New world screwworm

84
Q

Are new world screwworm (cochliomyia hominivorax) obligate or facultative myiasis

A

Obligate

85
Q

What type of blowfly is Lucilia sericata

A

Common green bottle fly

86
Q

Are common green bottle fly (lucilia sericata) obligate or facultative myiasis

A

Facultative

87
Q

What are two examples of how the common green bottle fly can be useful

A
  1. Maggot debridement therapy
  2. Forensic science- estimation of post-mortem interval
88
Q

Are botflies (oestridae) obligate or facultative myiasis

A

Obligate, primarily mammalian hoists

89
Q

___botlfies (oestridae) do not feed

A

Adults- have vestigial mouthparts

90
Q

what type of botfly is Oestrus ovis

A

Sheep nasal botfly

91
Q

What botfly can have wandering larvae that can cause false gid

A

Sheep nasal botfly (oestrus ovis)

92
Q

What type of botfly is Hypoderma spp.

A

Heel flies

93
Q

What type of botfly causes subcutaneous cysts (warbles) in bovids, cervids and equids

A

Heel flies (hypoderma spp)

94
Q

How do larvae of heel flies impact cattle rearing operations

A

Hide damage, reduce weight gains and meat damage

95
Q

How do adult females of heel flies impact cattle rearing operations

A

Self injury by gadding cattle

96
Q

What type of botfly is Gasterophilius spp.

A

Horse botflies

97
Q

What botfly causes gastrointestinal myiasis in equids

A

Horse botflies (gasterophilus spp)

98
Q

What are some complications of horse botflies (gasterophilius spp)

A

Loose teeth, GI blockage with colic, chronic gastritis, stomach ulcers, esophageal paralysis, peritonitis, anemia

99
Q

Cuterebra spp botflies cause subcutaneous cysts in what species

A

Wild rodents and rabbits

100
Q

Cuterebra spp botflies cause cutaneous cuterebriasis in what species

A

Domestic rabbits

101
Q

What are the aberrant hosts of cuterebra spp botflies

A

Cats, dogs, ferrets

102
Q

What are some complications of the cuterebra spp in cats and dogs due to wandering larvae

A
  1. Myiasis of eye, nasal, and oral regions
  2. Cerebrospinal cutebriasis- potentially fatal
103
Q

What are the 3 broad types of cyclorrhapha- myiasis causing flies

A
  1. Flesh flies
  2. Blowflies
  3. Botflies
104
Q

What are the cyclorrhapha myiasis causing flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) (1)

A
  1. Gray flesh fly (Wohlfahrtia vigil)
105
Q

What are the cyclorrhapha myiasis causing blowflies (Calliphoridae) (2)

A
  1. New world screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax)
  2. Common green botfly (Lucilia sericata)
106
Q

What are the cyclorrhapha myiasis causing botflies (Oestridae) (4)

A
  1. Sheep nasal botfly (Oestrus Ovis)
  2. Heel flies (Hypoderma)
  3. horse botflies (Gasterophilus)
  4. Cuterebra spp.

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