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Parasitology > Lecture 15: Giardiasis > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Giardiasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common intestinal commensal or parasite in vertebrates

A

Giardia

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2
Q

Where in the intestines does giardia infect

A

Upper intestinal tracts

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3
Q

What Giardia infects rodents

A

G. Muris

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4
Q

What Giardia infects muskrats and voles

A

G. Microti

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5
Q

what Giardia infects amphibians

A

G. Agillis

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6
Q

What Giardia infects birds

A

G. Psittaci and G. Ardeae

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7
Q

What Giardia infects reptiles

A

G. Varani

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8
Q

Describe the key characteristics of Giardia Trophozoite

A
  1. Pyriform (tear drop) shape
  2. Two nuclei
  3. Two median bodies
  4. Five pairs of flagella
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9
Q

What are the key characteristics of Giardia cysts

A
  1. Thick walled
  2. Contain 4 nuclei
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10
Q

How many trophozoites are released from a cyst

A

2

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11
Q

What triggers excystation

A

Gastric acid, pancreatic enzymes and bile salts

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12
Q

What species does genetic assemblage do A and B infect

A

Wide range of domestic and wild animals including humans

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13
Q

What does subassemblage AI infect

A

Domestic livestocks and pets

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14
Q

What does subassemblage AUII primary infect

A

Humans

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15
Q

What species does the C and D genetic assemblage infect

A

Dogs and wild canids

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16
Q

What species does E of the genetic assemblage infect

A

Hoofed stock- cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses

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17
Q

What species does F of the genetic assemblage infect

A

Cats

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18
Q

What species does G of the genetic assemblage usually infect

A

Rodents

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19
Q

What species does H of the genetic assemblage usually infect

A

Seals

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20
Q

How is Giardia transmitted

A
  1. Direct ingestion of cysts
  2. Indirect ingestion of contaminated water, food, transport hosts, infected prey, or fomites
  3. Re-infected from animal fur when they groom
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21
Q

What is the prepatent period in cats

A

5-16 days (mean 10)

22
Q

What is the prepatent period in dogs

A

4-12 days (mean 8)

23
Q

How does Giardia use attachment as a virulence factor

A

Ventral adhesive disc and surface lectins enable attachment to and colonization of the intestinal endothelium

24
Q

How does Giardia use circumvention of the natural factors of the intestinal lumen as a virulence factor

A

Flagellar motility enables re-localization to new endothelial cells during colonization, and VSPs potentially help protect against luminal proteases, oxygen and free radicals

25
Q

how does Giardia alter the host innate defense to use as a virulence factor

A

Released arginine deiminase and down regulate the epithelial production of nitric oxide

25
Q

How does Giardia use antigenic variation as a virulence factor

A

VSP on the Trophozoite surface switches to avoid Ig-A directed clearance

26
Q

How does Giardia use anti-inflammatory modifications as virulence factor

A

Unknown Trophozoite products have anti-inflammatory roles

27
Q

How does Giardia survive in the stomach (virulence factor)

A

Differentiation into cyst

28
Q

What is a variant specific surface protein (VSP)

A

Cysteine rich, surface proteins that covers entire Giardia cell

Main function is immune evasion

29
Q

How does the VSP evade the immune system

A

On-off switching of the expression of genes encoding VSP

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of giardia

A
  1. Ingested cysts release 2 trophozoites in duodenum
  2. Trophozoites mature and attack to the brush border of the villus epithelium via ventral adhesive disks and surface molecules
31
Q

Where are trophozoites commonly found in dog intestines

A

Duodenum to ileum

32
Q

Where are trophozoites commonly found in cat intestines

A

Jejunum to ileum

33
Q

What are some proposed mechanisms of giardiasis

A
  1. Apoptosis of enterocytes
  2. Loss of epithelial barrier function
  3. Hypersecretion of Cl-
  4. Diffuse microvillus shortening
  5. Immune reaction
  6. Inhibition of brush border enzymes and trypsin
  7. Interference with bile salt metabolism
34
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Giardia in cats and dogs

A

Acute, chronic or intermittent diarrhea or soft tools. Typically light colored, mucoid, malodorous

May contains fat

Dog may lose weight and vomit

35
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Giardia in domestic hoofed stock

A

Diarrhea pasty to fluid, mucoid, decreased appetite, loss or failure to gain weight

36
Q

T or F: Giardia is uncommon in horses

A

True

37
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Giardia in non-human primates

A

Diarrhea, lethargy, weight loss, vomiting

38
Q

What are the two species of Giardia from birds

A
  1. Giardia psittaci
  2. Giardia ardae
39
Q

What birds have. G. Psittaci

A

Parrots

40
Q

What birds have G. Ardeae

A

Herons, egrets, storks

41
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of Giardia in avian species

A
  1. Diarrhea- mucoid, malodorous, anorexia and depression
  2. Feather plucking
  3. Poor growth and high mortality in cockatiels, budgergiars
42
Q

What is the most implicated species in zoonotic transmission of Giardia

A

Beavers

43
Q

How do you diagnose Giardia

A
  1. Clinical suspicion- history and diarrhea (unresponsive to Antiboitoics)
  2. Microscopic examination of fresh species
  3. Fecal immunoassays
  4. PCR
44
Q

What are some fecal tests that you can run for Giardia

A
  1. Direct saline smear
  2. Fecal float
45
Q

What fecal test/microscopic examination do you want to use for motile trophozoites of Giardia

A

Direct saline smear

46
Q

What fecal test/microscopic examination do you want to use for detection of cysts

A

Fecal float with zinc sulfate flotation

47
Q

What is A, B and C

A

A. Giardia cyst
B. Giardia Trophozoite
C. Detached trophozoites in intestinal lumen

48
Q

A fecal flotation was performed on a cat with suspected Giardia. What solution was used in the fecal float on the left vs the right

A

Left: sheathes sugar solution the eggs will not float with a specific gravity of 1.25

Right: zinc sulfate solution which has a lower specific gravity ~1.18 allowing the cysts to float

49
Q

How do you prevent giardiasis

A
  1. Bathe affected dogs and cats to remove cysts from hair
  2. Feces removed daily
  3. Surfaces sanitized

Parasitology (28 decks)

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