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Parasitology > Lecture 4: Diagnostic and Treatment > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Diagnostic and Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 broad classifications of parasites

A

Protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites

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2
Q

Are Protozoa and helminths ecto or endoparasites

A

Endoparasites

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3
Q

Are Protozoa unicellular or multicellular

A

Unicellular

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4
Q

Are helminths multicellular or unicellular

A

Multicellular

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5
Q

Ectoparasites have ___ appendages

A

Jointed

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6
Q

What are the 4 common Protozoal parasites in veterinary medicine

A
  1. Flagellates
  2. Amoeba
  3. Cilliates
  4. Apicomplexans
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7
Q

Giardia and tritichomonas are what type of Protozoal parasite

A

Flagellates

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8
Q

Acanthamoeba and entaemoeba are what types of protozoal parasites

A

Amoeba

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9
Q

Balantidium coli and ichtyhophthirius multifillis are what type of protozoal parasite

A

Cilliates

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10
Q

Toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis neurona, neospora caninum, cryptosporidium spp, babseia, coccidia (elimeria, isospora) are what types of protozoal parasites

A

Apicomplexans

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11
Q

identify the type of protozoal parasite 1-4

A
  1. Flagellates
  2. Amoeba
  3. Cilliates
  4. Apicomplexans
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12
Q

What are the three common types of helminths classes in veterinary medicine

A
  1. Trematodes (flukes),
  2. cestodes (tapeworms)
    3.nematodes
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13
Q

Fasciola hepatica, fascioloides magna, and paragonimus kellcoti are examples of what type of helminths parasite

A

Trematodes (flukes)

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14
Q

Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp, echinococcus spp, and moniezia are what types of common helminths parasites

A

Cestodes (tapeworms)

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15
Q

Anycylostoma spp, strongylus spp, Haemonchus contortus, ostertagia ostertagi, roundworms (ascaris spp, toxocara spp, parascaris equorum) are examples of what types of common helminth parasite

A

Nematodes

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16
Q

What are the 5 common ectoparasites in veterinary medicine

A

Ticks, mites, lice, fleas, fleas/ bots

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17
Q

Rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma americanum. Ixodes scapularis, and dermacenter variabilis are examples of what type of common ectoparasites

A

Ticks

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18
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei, demodex canis, cheyletiella spp, otodectes cyonotis are examples of what type of ectoparasites

A

Mites

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19
Q

Linognathus spp, haematripinus spp, trichodetes canis, folio cola subostratus, damalinia spp. are examples of what type of ectoparasites

A

Lice

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20
Q

Are the following lice bloodsucking or chewing: Linognathus spp, haematripinus spp

A

Blood sucking

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21
Q

Are the following lice bloodsucking or chewing: trichodetes canis, folio cola subostratus, damalinia spp.

A

Chewing

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22
Q

Ctenocephalides are examples of what type of ectoparasite

A

Fleas

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23
Q

Gasterophilus intestinal is, cuterebra cuniculi, melophagus ovinus are examples of what type of ectoparasite

A

Flies/bots

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24
Q

What are the concentration techniques in diagnosing endoparasites in feces

A

Fecal flotation, fecal sedimentation and baermann

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25
Q

What do qualitative tests help you determine and what don’t they conclude

A

Tests help you determine if an animal is infested but doesn’t tell you the degree of infection

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26
Q

What are the 5 techniques for feces endoparasites: qualitative

A
  1. Direct visual in feces
  2. direct fecal smear
  3. Fecal float
  4. Fecal sedimentation
  5. Baermann
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27
Q

Direct fecal smears are not great for detecting

A

Most GI parasites

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28
Q

What is direct fecal smear most useful at detecting

A

Observing the motility of protozoal parasites that have motile stages- ex: giardia or tritichomonas

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29
Q

The fecal flotation solution used must have a ____ specific gravity than most common parasites or egg/cysts

A

Higher

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30
Q

Higher specific gravity of flotation solution allows the eggs/cysts to ____

A

Float to the top of solution

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31
Q

What is a common floatation solution used

A

Zinc sulfate or sucrose

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32
Q

When are fecal sedimentation tests used

A

To detect eggs/cysts that are too heavy or delicate to concentrate by fecal flotation

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33
Q

What type of parasites are fecal sedimentation tests most useful at detecting

A

Non-nematode eggs: Trematodes and acanthocephalan

Certain protozoal cysts: amoebae, ciliates, Giardia spp

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34
Q

What is the baermann technique useful for recovering

A

Nematode larvae from samples that relies on their motility

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35
Q

What is the theory behind the baermann technique

A

Nematode larvae will wiggle out of the biological material, can’t swim against gravity and will fall through water to the area of clamped off tubing

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36
Q

What is the baermann technique useful for detecting

A

Lung worms and strongyloides

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37
Q

The baermann technique is useful at detecting what parasites in cats

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (terminal airways/lungs)

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38
Q

What is the baermann technique useful at detecting in dogs

A

Crenosoma vulpis, angiostrongylus vasorum, strongyloides sterocoralis

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39
Q

What is the baermann technique useful at detecting in ruminants

A

Dictyocaulus spp

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40
Q

What parasites it the baermann technique not preferred in dogs, use flotation technique

A

Filaroides hirthi, filaroides osleri, eucoleus

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41
Q

What is a direct smear indicated for diagnosing endoparasites

A

Protozoal GI infection that has motile stages (ex: Giardia and tritichomonas spp)

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42
Q

What are the cons to direct smear

A

Not very sensitivity, do not use as primary diagnostic tool

43
Q

When is a fecal flotation test indicated for diagnosing endoparasites

A

Nematode infection that produces eggs/cysts

44
Q

What are the cons of fecal flotation

A

Some eggs and cysts are too heavy to float- use fecal sedimentation

45
Q

When are fecal sedimentation tests indicated for diagnosing endoparasites

A

Infections with Trematodes, ancanthocephalans, amoebae, ciliates, Giardia

46
Q

What are the cons of fecal sedimentation

A

Not very sensitive for nematode eggs or coccidian oocysts

47
Q

When is the baermann test indicated for diagnosing endoparasites

A

Motile larvae will be present in feces- lung worm or strongyloides spp

48
Q

What are the cons of the baermann test

A

Only useful for isolating motile larval stages

49
Q

How can immunoassays diagnose endoparasites in feces: qualitative examination

A

Detection of antigens in feces

50
Q

How does PCR diagnose in feces

A

Detection of parasite DNA

51
Q

What parasites are immunoassays most commonly used for

A

GI protozoal parasites- Giardia and cryptosporidium

52
Q

What parasites does PCR detect

A

GI protozoal parasites Giardia and cryptosporidium

53
Q

What will quantitative test indicate

A

Indicate negative or if detected and if detected a Ct value

54
Q

What does a Ct value determine

A

Burden of infection

55
Q

Low Ct value=

A

Higher burden

56
Q

In order for a culture of eggs or larvae to get exact speciation what larvae stage must the nematode be at

A

L3

57
Q

Culturing of eggs or larvae is commonly used when

A

For trichostrongyles and stronglyes that commonly infect large animals

58
Q

What is a common technique for diagnosing endoparasites in feces quantitatively

A

Dilution egg counts

59
Q

What are dilution egg counts good at detecting

A

Trichostrongyle/strongyle in ruminants and horses

60
Q

Why use a quantitative test not qualitative test in large animals

A

Large animals almost always have low levels of egg shedding unless they are actively being treated, therefore the question is not are they infected but the degree to which they are infected

61
Q

How does the Cornell-McMaster dilution egg count technique work

A

Quantify eggs within a diluted fecal sample that is further diluted (1:1) in fecal flotation solution

Provides an estimate of eggs/gram of feces

62
Q

Why does the Cornell-McMaster technique dilute with flotation solution

A
  1. Dilution decreases number of eggs you must count—> enhances accuracy
  2. Flotation solution allows the eggs to float to to of chamber, floating above fecal debris
63
Q

What are the 4 common types/classifications of eggs

A
  1. Nematode
  2. Trematodes
  3. Cestodes
  4. Protistan cysts and oocysts
64
Q

What are the 4 types of nematodes

A
  1. Ascaridoid
  2. Strongyle type
  3. Trichuroid
  4. Oxyurid
65
Q

Round worms are what type of nematode

A

Ascaridoid

66
Q

Hookworms, strongyle, and trichostrongyles are what type of nematode

A

Strongyle-type

67
Q

Trichuris spp (whipworms) and capillarids (eucoleus spp) are examples of what type of nematode

A

Trichuroid

68
Q

Pinworms are what type of nematode

A

Oxyurid

69
Q

What are the general characteristics of Ascaridoid (roundworms) on histology

A

Light brown to brown, round to oval, thick wall

70
Q

What type of endoparasites is this

A

Ascaridoid eggs/roundworm eggs (nematodes)

71
Q

What is the public health significance of toxocara or bayliscascaris procyonis

A

Toxocara ocular larval migrants in humans

Baylisascaris procyonis is a neurotropic parasite- cerebral larval migration

72
Q

What are the general characteristics of strongyle type nematodes

A

Elongated oval, thin wall, clear, embryonated

73
Q

What is the following endoparasite

A

Strongyle type- nematodes

74
Q

What are the general characteristics of Oxyurid eggs/pinworms

A

Colorless shell and small operculum (cap) on one end

75
Q

what endoparasite is this

A

Oxyurid egg/pinworms (nematode)

76
Q

What are the general characteristics of Trichuroid eggs (ex: whipworms)

A

Bipolar plugs (bioperculated), elongate to barrel shape, smooth thick wall

77
Q

What type of endoparasite is this

A

Trichuroid egg- whipworms egg (nematode)

78
Q

What kind of technique would work best to isolate Trichuroid eggs

A

Fecal flotation

79
Q

What are the general characteristics of Trichuroid egg: capillarids (whipworms lookalike)

A

Bipolar plugs less prominent than whipworms and slight curved appearance, can have pitted irregular shells

80
Q

Identify the following endoparasite

A

Trichuroid egg- capillarids (nematode)

81
Q

What are the general characteristics of trematode eggs

A

Brown egg with an operculum

82
Q

What kind of technique would work best to isolate the Trematodes egggs

A

Fecal sedimentation

83
Q

what type of endoparasite is this

A

Trematode eggs

84
Q

What are the general characteristics of cestodes eggs

A

Embryonated, 6-hooked oncosphere present inside a thick striated shell, outer shells can vary

85
Q

identify the endoparasite

A

Cestode eggs

86
Q

What are the general characteristics of protistan cysts and oocysts

A

Smaller than most other eggs (4-30 microns)

87
Q

identify the endoparasite. Which are cysts and which are oocysts

A

Protistan cysts- left 2
Protistan oocysts- right 4

88
Q

What are the 3 common techniques for blood parasites

A
  1. Direct blood smears
    2.immunoassays
  2. Microfilaria concentration techniques:
    - modified knot’s
    - millipore filter test
89
Q

What is the direct blood smear typically used for

A

Identify circulating microfilariae, Protozoa, and rickettsia (bacteria)

90
Q

Identify the parasite in blood smear

A

dirofilaria immitis

91
Q

identify the parasite in blood smear

A

Babesia canis

92
Q

What is the preferred microfilaria concentration technique

A

Modified knots

93
Q

How does microfilaria concentration technique work

A

Concentrate/filter the loop to increase likelihood microfilaria will be visualized. Usually involves losing RBC

94
Q

When do you do a microfilaria test

A

After positive immunoassay

95
Q

Why might you get false negatives in microfilaria concentration techniques

A

Microfilariae are not present in all heart worm infected dogs (rarely found in cats)

96
Q

What are 4 techniques for detecting ectoparasites

A
  1. Direct visualization/identification
  2. Skin scarping
  3. Cellophane tape prep
  4. Skin histopathology
97
Q

How can you use direct visualization to identify species of ticks, lice, and mites

A

Use external characteristics like ornamentation, mouth parts

98
Q

Short palps and inornate sputum indicate what type of tick

A

Rhipichephalus

99
Q

Short palps and ornate sputum indicate what type of tick

A

Dermacentor

100
Q

Long palps and inornate scutum indicates what type of tick

A

Ixodes

101
Q

Long palps and ornate scutum indicates what type of ticks

A

Ambylomma

102
Q

When would you use skin scraping technique

A

Suspect mite infestation

103
Q

When is cellophane tape prep used

A

Typically for trapping/catching mites/lice that are close to surface, can also be used for Oxyurid equi (pinworm) that deposit eggs along anus

Parasitology (28 decks)

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