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Parasitology > Lecture 14: Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cell shape of trypanosoma spp.

A

Elongated, spindle shaped cell, single nucleus, posterior flagellum, copious DNA called kinetoplast

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2
Q

What are the routes of transmission for Trypanosomes

A
  1. Insect vectored
  2. Latrogenic
  3. Transplacental
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3
Q

What is the vector for T. Brucei and T. Congolese

A

Tsetse flies (glossina spp)

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4
Q

What disease do tsetse flies commonly spread

A

Nagana disease

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5
Q

What is nagana disease

A

Fatal disease caused by infection with T. Brucei, T. Congolese and T. Vivax

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6
Q

What is the reservoir host for nagana disease

A

Wild ruminants

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7
Q

T or F: nagana disease is only mildly pathogenic in reservoir species, wild ruminants

A

True, fatal in definitive host

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8
Q

What are the causative agents for Nagana disease

A

T. Brucei, T. Conlogenese, T. Vivax

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9
Q

What species are commonly affected by Tsetse transmitted trypanosomes

A

Domestic ruminants, equids, pigs, dogs and cats

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10
Q

What does the acute disease stage of nagana disease look like in cattle

A

High parasitemia with extensive hemorrhages of mucosa and serosal surfaces of the body

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11
Q

What does the chronic disease stage of nagana look like in cattle

A

Cattle become anemic and emaciated

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12
Q

What is the vector for T. Viviax

A

Tabanid flies

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13
Q

What is the reservoir host for T. Vivax

A

Deer

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14
Q

What species does T. Vivax cause disease in

A

Horses, cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats

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15
Q

What is the causative agent for Surra disease

A

T. Evansi

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16
Q

What is the vector for tyrpanosoma Evansi

A

Tabanid flies (horseflies) and vampire bats

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17
Q

What does trypansoma evansi cause in domestic animals

A

Surra disease

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18
Q

What are some clinical signs of Surra disease in horses

A

Fever, weight loss, atrophy, lethargy, anemia, dilation of LN and spleen, postural edema, potentially fatal

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19
Q

How is spread trypanosoma equiperdum

A

Sexually transmitted

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20
Q

What does trypanosoma equiperdium cause and what species is affected

A

Dourine in horses

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute stage dourine in horses

A
  1. Swelling of genitalia
  2. Mucoid discharge at vulva
  3. Edematous patches on skin
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22
Q

What are some signs of chromic stage dourine in horses

A

Emanciation, paresis, intermittent fever, and death

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23
Q

T or F: all spp of trpanosomiasis are morphologically indistinguishable

A

True

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24
Q

How do you diagnose trypanosomiasis

A
  1. Direct visualization in Giemsa stained blood smear
  2. Serological tests- IFA and ELISA
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25
Q

How do you diagnose Surra

A
  1. Direct visualization in giemsa stained blood smear
  2. PCR
  3. serology
  4. Card agglutination test using T. Evansi antigen
26
Q

How do you diagnose Dourine

A
  1. Serology
  2. Complement fixation test
  3. Direct identification
27
Q

How do you prevent nagana disease

A

Early detection, stamping out, quarantines, movement controls, euthanasia, arthropod vector control

28
Q

How do you prevent Surra disease

A

Early detection, eradication via quarantine, movement control and isolation, arthropod vector control

29
Q

How do you prevent dourine disease

A

New animals being introduced to a herd should be quarantined and tested by serology, euthanize infected

30
Q

What is the vector for T. Cruzi

A

Kissing bug (Triatome)

31
Q

What does T. Cruzi cause/what is it the causative agent for

A

Chagas disease

32
Q

What are the routes of infection for chagas disease

A
  1. Vector borne
  2. Ingestion of infected bugs or items with bugs feces
  3. Transplacentally
  4. Blood transfusion
  5. Organ transplantation
33
Q

What are the at risk populations for canine chagas disease

A

1.sport type and working dogs
2. Young dogs
3. Puppies from diseased mothers
4. Dogs that sleep outdoors

34
Q

T or F: sudden death can occur at any of the three stages of chagas disease

35
Q

What are the clinical signs in acute phase Chagas’ disease

A

Fever, anorexia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cardiac conduction abnormalities or arrhythmias

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of latent phase of chagas disease

A

No clinical signs, but sudden death may occcur

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic chagas disease

A

CHF, dilated cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias

38
Q

How do you diagnose canine chagas disease

A
  1. Clinical signs +echocardiographic and ECG
  2. Serology-IFA
  3. Identification on blood smear
  4. PCR
39
Q

What is the standard method of diagnosing chagas disease

A

Serology- indirect fluorescent antibody

40
Q

How do you prevent chagas disease

A

Limit contact with triatomine vectors, prevent dogs from eating potentially infected animals (mice and rats), test breeding females to prevent congenital transmission

41
Q

What species is most commonly infected with Leishmania spp.

42
Q

What are some modes of transmission for Lesihmania spp.

A
  1. Vector borne by sandflies
  2. Latrogenic
  3. Transplacental
  4. Veneral contact
  5. Infected blood
43
Q

What is the vector for Leishmania

44
Q

What is the most common species of Leishmania in dogs/what is the causative agent

A

L. Infantum

45
Q

___are the main reservoir host for human visceral leishmania caused by L. Infantum

46
Q

What are the risk factors for Leishmania in dogs

A
  1. At least 2 years old
  2. Prolonged exposure to outdoors
  3. Lack of topical insecticide use
  4. Short haircoat
47
Q

How is Leishmania commonly spread in North America

A
  1. Dogs imported from southern Europe and South America
  2. Kenneled foxhounds, primarily Transplacental
  3. Infected blood
  4. Venereal transmission
48
Q

Describe the lifecycle of Leishmania Infantum

A
  1. Infect sandfly and mature
  2. Sandfly bites dogs and spreads Leishmania
  3. Enter macrophages and avoid phagocytosis
  4. Proliferate in macrophage, cause lysis and re-invade new cell
49
Q

How long can the incubation of Leishmania be

A

Up to 7 years

50
Q

What is cutaneous Leishmania look like

A

Alopecia, scaling and or ulceration, onychogryphosis (abnormally long or brittle claws)

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of visceral Leishmaniasis

A

Fever, weight loss, muscle atrophy, inappetence, lethargy, oral ulcers, splenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly, mucosal pallor due to anemia

52
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis can result in development of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes that can lead to what

A
  1. Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
  2. Epitaxis
  3. Lameness
  4. Joint swelling due to immune mediated polyarthritis
  5. Myositis
  6. Uveitis
  7. Vasculities
  8. Glomerulonephritis
53
Q

What species/causative agent of Leishmania commonly infect cats

A
  1. L. Mexicana
  2. L. Infantum
54
Q

What are some clinical signs of L. Mexicana in cats

A

Modular and ulcerated skin lesions, typically on the ears

55
Q

What species/what is the causative agent of Leishmania typically infect horses

A
  1. L Infantum
  2. L Siamensis
  3. L brazilienesis
56
Q

What are some clinical signs of horses with Leishmania

A

Nodular, ulcerated skin lesions on ears, head, neck, legs

57
Q

What species/ what is the causative agent that commonly infect captive wild mammals

A

L. Infantum

58
Q

What are some clinical signs of L. Infantum in captive wild mammals

A

Visceral and/or cutaneous diseases

59
Q

How do you diagnose canine Leishmaniasis

A
  1. Clinical signs and history
  2. Microscopy
  3. Serology- IFA, ELISA, western blot
  4. PCR
60
Q

How do you prevent Leishmaniasis

A
  1. Limit contact with sand flies
  2. Vaccines (not available in U.S.)
  3. Serologically screen donor dogs and breeding females
61
Q

What is this?

(Species are morphologically indistinct so to determine which kind would need background info)

A

Trypanosoma spp.

Parasitology (28 decks)

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