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Parasitology > Lecture 16: Trichomoniasis and Histomoniasis > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Trichomoniasis and Histomoniasis Flashcards

1
Q

Trichomonads are symbionts of the __ and ___ tracts of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians

A

GI and urogential tracts

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2
Q

Are trichomonads monoxenous or heteroxenous

A

Monoxenous

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3
Q

What are the key cellular structures of trichomonads

A

Anterior flagella, undulating membrane and posterior free flagellum, and axostyle

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4
Q

Where is Tritrichomonas foetus found

A

Worldwide

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5
Q

How is T. Foetus transmitted to cattle/where is it found

A

Via the reproductive tract, venereal transmission

Rare transmission via artificial insemination or gynecological exam

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6
Q

Where does T. Foetus infect dogs and dogs

A

Large intestine

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7
Q

Where does T. Suits (aka T. Foetus) infect swine

A

Nasal cavity and GI tract

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8
Q

What is this? Commonly infests reproductive tract of cattle

A

T. Foetus

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9
Q

Where does bovine trichomoniasis infect males

A

Penile, preputial membrane and distal urethra

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10
Q

T or F: males infected with bovine trichomoniasis are usually asymptomatic and have chronic infections

A

True

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11
Q

Where does bovine trichomoniasis usually infect females

A

Vagina, uterus, uterine tubes

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12
Q

What are some signs of a female infected with bovine trichomoniasis

A

Infertility, early abortion, uterine discharge, pyometra, and mummified fetus

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13
Q

In female cattle infected with bovine trichomoniasis the infection typically clears within ___months post breeding and provides temporary ___

A

3 months, temporary immunity

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14
Q

What are some signs of T. Foetus in dogs

A

Diarrhea

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15
Q

What are some signs of T. Foetus in swine

A

Commensal, typically clinical signs not seen

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16
Q

How do you diagnose bovine trichomoniasis

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. ID trophozoites in sample via reproductive tract
  3. Culture
  4. PCR
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17
Q

What is the treatment for bovine trichomoniasis

A

Ipronidazole for bulls

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18
Q

What is a negative side effect of ipronidazole

A

Inject site abscess

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19
Q

How do you prevent bovine trichomoniasis

A
  1. Artificial insemination (can be eliminated from semen via demetridazole)
  2. Cull infected bulls
  3. Vaccination
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20
Q

Tritrichomonas balgburni is worldwide in what species

A

Cats

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21
Q

Where does T. Blagburni usually infect cats

A

Large bowel- colon, cecum, ileum

22
Q

How is T. Blagburni transmitted

A

Fecal-oral transmission

23
Q

What are the most common clinical signs of feline trichomoniasis

A

Chronic diarrhea, tenesmus, flatulence, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss

24
Q

How do you diagnose feline trichomoniasis

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. ID in fecal sample or culture
  3. PCR
25
Q

How do you treat feline trichomoniasis

A

Ronidazole (not approved by FDA)
**neurotoxic
Banned for use in food animals

26
Q

How do you prevent feline trichomoniasis

A
  1. Isolate
  2. Strict sanitation
  3. Catteries
27
Q

What species does pentatrichomas hominis infect

A

Primates, canids, felines, rodents and swine

28
Q

How is P. Hominis transmitted

A

Fecal-oral

29
Q

What does Canine trichomoniasis cause (P. Hominis)

A

Diarrhea

30
Q

How do you diagnose P. Hominis

A

Microscopy, culture, PCR

31
Q

What species does histomonas melaegridis infect

A

Avian species

32
Q

Where does H. Melaegridis infect in avian species

A

Ceca, can spread to liver and other organs

33
Q

What is the pleomorphic form of H. Melaegridis

A

Flagellated luminal form, causes amoeboid tissue dwelling

34
Q

What bird is most impact by galliform H. Melaegridis

A

Turkeys

35
Q

How is H. Melaegridis transmitted

A
  1. Cecal nematode
  2. Clonal drinking
  3. Fecal oral transmission
36
Q

What is the intermediate host of H. Melaegridis

A

heterakis gallinarium

37
Q

Describe the transmission of H. Melaegridis via Cecal nematode

A
  1. H. Melaegridis infects heterakis females via infected eggs
  2. Birds acquire Cecal nematode and Histomonas infection
38
Q

Infected eggs and ___ allow H. Melaegridis to persist in poultry yards for long time

A

Earthworms

39
Q

How is H. Melaegridis transmitted in cloacal drinking

A

Cloaca contacts infected feces and is drawn into GI tract and ceca

40
Q

What internal damage does histomoniasis cause

A
  1. Necrotic lesions to Cecal wall and surface of liver
  2. Cecal perforation and peritonitis
41
Q

What are some clinical signs of H. Melaegridis

A

Lethargy, drooping wings, unkept feathers, reduced appetite, decreased flight distance, yellowish diarrhea

42
Q

How do you diagnose H, melaegridis

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. Gross pathology of liver and ceca
  3. Microscopic exams
  4. Culture
  5. PCR
43
Q

What is the main host for T. Gallinae

A

Birds- pigeons and doves

44
Q

Where does T. Gallinae typically infest

A

Upper digestive tract- oropharynx, esophagus, crop

45
Q

What is an emerging infectious disease of trichomoniasis family in Britain and other parts of Europe

A

Finch trichomoniasis

46
Q

How is T. Gallinae transmitted

A
  1. Infected crop milk
  2. Ingestion of contaminated water or food
  3. Ingestion of infected birds
47
Q

What are some disease patterns/damage cause by T. Gallinae

A

Necrotic lesions to upper GI tract, liver.

Lesions may extend into conjunctiva, neck, skin and skull

48
Q

What are some clinical signs of T. Gallinae

A

Lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, unkept feathers, salivation, caseous matter in/around mouth, foul smelling odor, pendulous crop, diarrhea

49
Q

How do you diagnose T. Gallinae

A
  1. Gross pathology
  2. Microscopic exam
  3. Culture
  4. PCR
50
Q

How do you prevent avian trichomoniasis

A
  1. Remove or treat birds
  2. Disinfect bird feeders, waters, baths
  3. Exclude wild birds from pens
  4. Do not feed infected carcasses to raptors
51
Q

What type of Trichomoniasis is common in captive reptiles

A

Intestinal trichomonads

52
Q

Trichomoniasis can cause enteric disease when..

A
  1. Present in large numbers
  2. Associated with other pathogens

Parasitology (28 decks)

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