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Parasitology > Lecture 13: Amoeba and Ciliates > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Amoeba and Ciliates Flashcards

1
Q

What type of parasite is an amoeba

A

Protozoa

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2
Q

T or F: amoeba’s require a host

A

False, don’t require a host but benefit from interaction

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3
Q

What are facultative parasites

A

Parasites that don’t require a host to live but benefit from the interaction

Ex: amoeba

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4
Q

What are the most important amoeba in vet medicine

A
  1. Entamoeba histolytica
  2. Entamoeba invaders
  3. Acanthoamoeba spp.
  4. Naegleria fowleri
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5
Q

What species does Entamoeba histolytica typically infect

A

Dogs, cats and humans

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6
Q

What species does entamoeba invadens typically infect

A

Reptiles

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7
Q

What species does ancanthamoeba spp. typically infect

A

Usually humans, but a variety of species in vet med

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8
Q

What species does naegleria fowleri typically infect

A

Primates, cattle

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9
Q

What are the life stages of amoeba

A
  1. Cysts
  2. Trophozoites
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10
Q

Which amoebic life stage can be described as amoeboid, motile and feeding/pathogenic

A

Trophozoite

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11
Q

What amoebic life stage can be described as round, non-motile and environmentally resistant

A

Cysts

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12
Q

Which stage of amoebic life stages can be infectious and which can actively invade tissues

A
  1. Both cysts and trophozoites can be infectious BUT
  2. Only trophozoites can actively invade tissues
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13
Q

What are the common routes of infection for amoeba

A
  1. Ingestion: fecal-oral
  2. Nasal mucosa (inhaled)
  3. Eyes
  4. Skin abrasions
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14
Q

T or F: amoeba infections are often asymptomatic

A

True but infection possible

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15
Q

Who is most susceptible to amoeba infection

A

Young and immunocompromised

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16
Q

What body organs can amoeba go

A

Intestines, extra intestinal, liver, lungs, and brain

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17
Q

How do amoeba migrate to the Brain

A

Olfactory portal is highway to the brain. The cribiform plate has holes in it for the olfactory nerves to pass through and amoeba can crawl up the nerves, through the holes in cribiform plate and into the brain

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18
Q

What are the most common mechanisms of pathogenesis for amoebic infections

A
  1. Malabsorption (damage to colon)
  2. Direct tissue destruction (liver and brain)
  3. Inflammatory response
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19
Q

What are the morphological features of E. Histolytica cysts

A

Round to oval, 4 nuclei, blunt chromotoidal bar

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20
Q

What are the morphological features of E. Histolytica trophozoites

A

1 nucleus, central karyosome

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21
Q

what is this, infects dogs and cats

A

E. Histolytica cyst

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22
Q

What is this, infects dogs and cats

A

E. Histolytica trophozoites

23
Q

What reptiles are highly susceptible for E. Invadens

A

Boas, colubrids, vipers, crotalids

24
Q

What reptiles are resistant to E. Invadens and serve as reservoir hosts

A

Chelonians (turtles), crocodilians, cobras, eastern king snakes

25
Q

What is the most common route of infection for E. Invadens

A

Fecal-oral

26
Q

How can you tell E. Invadens apart from E. Histolytica

A

Morphologically Indistinct but E. Invadens is not transmissible to mammals

27
Q

What does E. Invadens cause when it invades the intestines

A

Transmural necrohemmorrhagic enterocolitis

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of an intestinal infection with E. Invadens

A

Anorexia, vomiting, mucous or hemorrhagic diarrhea, sudden death

29
Q

What loss of the intestinal barrier due to E. Invadens can lead to ___

A

Sepsis

30
Q

The following images were take from colon of a reptile. What is wrong

A

Infection with E. Invadens most likely causing transmural necrohemorrhagic colitis

31
Q

How does extra intestinal infection of E. Invadens happen

A

The shared flow between the liver and small intestines via the portal vein and common bile duct cause the infection to bread outside the small intestines

32
Q

What does E. Invadens extra intestinal cause

A

Entercolitis—> subsequent hepatitis following hematogenous dissemination via the portal vein

33
Q

what do Acanthomoeba spp. trophozoites look like

A

Nucleus with a karyosome, filamentous pseudopods

34
Q

what do Acanthomoeba spp. cyst look like

A

Nucleus with a karyosome, inner and outer cysts

35
Q

What is the this amoeba

A

Acanthomoeba spp. trophozoite

36
Q

What is this amoeba

A

Acanthomoeba cyst

37
Q

What Trophozoite and cysts amoeba do these belong to

A

ancathnomoeba spp.

38
Q

T or F: infection via Naeglera fowleri can occur by swallowing contaminated water

A

False

39
Q

What is typically the only way a naegleria fowleri infection can be spread

A

Inhalation

40
Q

The following amoeba is known to infect cattle and primates, what is it and what life stage

A

N. Fowleri cyst

41
Q

The following amoeba is known to infect cattle and primates, what is it and what is the life stage

A

N. Fowleri Trophozoite

42
Q

The following amoeba is known to infect cattle and primates, what is it and what is the life stage

A

N. Fowleri free living flagellate

43
Q

What is the primary disease caused by N. Fowleri

A

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

44
Q

The following was taken from a cows brain for a suspected amoeba infection. What is the most likely amoeba to be indicated and what has it caused

A

N. Fowleri causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

45
Q

What is the main therapy option for amoebic infections: drug, dose, duration, and mechanism of action

A

Drug: metronidazole
Dose: 10-25mg/kg
Duration: PO BID for 1wk
MOA: inhibits DNA synthesis

46
Q

T or F: metronidazole can be given to food animals

A

False, on FARAD list of drugs never allowed

47
Q

What two life stages do ciliates have

A

Trophozoites and cysts

48
Q

Ciliates have __ all around the trophozoites and cysts

A

Cilia

49
Q

What type of nuclei do ciliates have

A

Dimorphic nuclei- macro nucleus with 1-several micro nuclei

50
Q

T or F: ciliates are considered to be non-pathogenic/commensal

A

True, but can cause disease in rare cases

51
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Balantidium coli in the rare case that it causes disease vs normal

A

Normally, B. Coli doesn’t enter colon and cause tissue destruction, normally is just passed in feces

Infectious: trophozoites enter colon and cause tissue destruction

52
Q

The following was taken from the colon of a pig showing signs of a parasitic infection. What is the most common ciliate to be implicated. Also is this a Trophozoite or cyst- how can you tell

A

Trophozoite- lots of cilia, and this is Balatidium coli

53
Q

The following was taken from a pigs feces with a suspected parasitic infection. What is the most common ciliate to be implicated and it this a cyst or Trophozoite and how do you know

A

cyst- less obvious cilia and this is B. Coli

54
Q

The following Protozoa are found in forestomach of cows and hind gut of horses. Is this parasitic or commensal

A

commensal

Parasitology (28 decks)

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