Lecture 2 Flashcards
No net gain or loss of energy is classified as what
dynamic dteady state
exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings is defined as what
open systeem
total amount of energy in the universe stays constant, which law
first law of thermodynamics
entropy (randomness) is always increasing in the universe, which law
second law of thermodynamics
what is delta g when rxn is exergonic
negative
what is delta g when rxn is endergonic
positive
in closed systems, rxns proceed spontaneously until what
equilibrium is reached
electrostatic attraction btw 1 e/n atom and a hydrogen atom covalently linked to a second en atom
hydrogen bond
what are atoms that can make hydrogen bonds
H, N, O, F
are hydrogen bonds weak or strong
weak
which region interacts favorably with water
polar, hydrophilic region
lipids in water causes what
lipids become highly ordered
what’s crucial to macromolecular structure and function
weak interactions
measure of solute in a solvent
osmolarity
water moves in, cell swells
cell in hypotonic soln
water moves out and cell shrinks
cell in hypertonic soln
what are the colligative properties of solvent
bp, vp, mp, osmotic pressure
how to find pH
-log [H+]
how to find pKa
-log [Ka]
aqueous systems that tend to resist changes in pH when small acid or base are added
buffer
what does a buffer system consist of
weak acid and its conjugate base
how is overall buffer conc determined
add the conc of wa and conj base
at midpoint, the ph of solution equals what
pKa
buffering region is what
+ or - 1 of pKa
