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AGBI 410 > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

glucose is stored as what in humans

A

glycogen

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2
Q

reasons for storing glucose as glycogen

A

breakdown can provide energy for muscle very quickly, liver stored glycogen can regulate blood glc levels, some muscles and cells have to have glucose

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3
Q

level 1 structure of glycogen

A

1-4 alpha glycosidic linkage

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4
Q

level 2 structure of glycogen

A

beta particle

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5
Q

level 3 structure of glycogen

A

alpha particles

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6
Q

breakdown of cellular glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate

A

glycogenolysis

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7
Q

synthesis of glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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8
Q

first step of glycogenesis

A

glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

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9
Q

enzyme in first step of glycogenesis

A

hexokinase

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10
Q

second step in glycogenesis done by what

A

phosphoglucomutase

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11
Q

second step in glycogenesis

A

glucose 6phos -> glucose 1,6 bisphos -> glucose 1 phos

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12
Q

what does third step in glycogenesis start with

A

sugar phosphate + NTP

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13
Q

what does third step in glycogenesis end with

A

UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase enzyme, pyrophosphate

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14
Q

enzyme in third step of glycogenesis

A

NDP sugar phosphorylase

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15
Q

what happens after third step of glycogenesis

A

elongation of glycogen chains

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16
Q

catalyzes formation of alpha 1-6 bonds found at branch points of glycogen cleaves off part of existing straight glycogen chain

A

glycogen branching enzyme

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17
Q

what does glycogen synthase require

A

a primer

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18
Q

primer on which new chains are assembled and the enzyme that catalyzes their assembly

A

glycogenin

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19
Q

what does glycogenin use as a substrate

A

UDP glc

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20
Q

catalyzes phosphorolytic cleavage at the nonreducing ends of glycogen ends of glycogen chains

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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21
Q

what does glycogen phosphorylase break down

A

alpha 1-4 glc bonds

22
Q

what does glycogen phosphorylase yield

A

GLC 1- phos

23
Q

what does glycogen phosphorylase require

A

pyridoxal phosphate

24
Q

how many glc units in one molecule of glycogen

A

55000

25
Q

transfers branches onto main chains and releases residue at 1-6 alpha branch as FREE clc

A

debranching enzyme

26
Q

catalyzes reversible rxn from glucose 1 phos to glucose 6 phos

A

phosphoglucomutase

27
Q

what happens to glucose 6 phos in muscle

A

enters glycolysis

28
Q

what happens to glucose 6 phos in liver

A

converted to glucose to regulate blood glucose levels

29
Q

hormone that creates glycogen

A

insulin

30
Q

anabolic high blood clc homorne

A

insulin

31
Q

what does insulin activate

A

phosphoprotein phosphates, glycogen synthase

32
Q

what does insulin inactivate

A

glycogen phosphorylase

33
Q

breaks down glycogen

A

glucagon

34
Q

glycogen activates what

A

protein kinases, glycogen phosphorylase

35
Q

glucagon inactivates what

A

glycogen synthase

36
Q

2 forms of glycogen synthase

A

glycogen synthase a and B

37
Q

which form of glycogen synthase is unphosphorylated and catalytically active

A

a

38
Q

which form of glycogen synthase is phosphorylated and inactive unless glucose 6phos is present

A

b

39
Q

catalyzes phosphorylation of glycogen synthase a

A

glycogen synthase kinase 3

40
Q

insulin does what to GSK3 and PP1

A

inactivates GSK3, activates PP1

41
Q

GSK3 adds what

A

3 phosphates from ATP

42
Q

2 forms of skeletal glycogen phosphorylase

A

glycogen phosphorylase a and b

43
Q

which form of glycogen phosphorylase is catalytically active

A

a

44
Q

what two things trigger phosphorylation of phosphorylase b

A

epinephrine and glucagon

45
Q

signal for muscle contraction

A

Ca2+

46
Q

what does Ca2+ bind to

A

phosphorylase b kinase

47
Q

what accumulates in contracting muscle

A

AMP

48
Q

removes phosphoryl groups from phosphorylase a, converting it to phosphorylase b

A

phosphoprotein phosphatase 1

49
Q

which is a glucose sensor

A

liver glycgen phosphorylase A

50
Q

sequence of enzymatic rxns in which a catalyst aactivates a catalyst activates a catalyst

A

enzyme cascade

51
Q

rise in cAMP activates what

A

PKA

52
Q

catalyzes phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase b

A

phosphorylase b kinase

AGBI 410 (26 decks)

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