Exam 2 Flashcards
delta g and ‘delta g are related how
delt G = ‘delt g + ln (cd/ab)
for two sequential chemical rxns, what does each rxn have unique to them
equilibrium constant and free energy change
chemical link between catabolism and anabolism
ATP
what energy is used to make Atp from ADP +Pi
energy from catabolism of nutrient molecules
what in the cytosol binds to ATP and ADp
MG2+
true substrate of most enzymatic rxns involving ATP
MgATP2-
does hydrolysis have a high or low free energy
high
have a sulfur atom that has replaced the oxygen in the ester bond
thioesters
first step of ATP providing energy
transfer of part of the ATP molecule to a substrate molecule or amino acid residue, activating it
second step of ATP providing energy
displacement of phosphate containing moiety , generating a leaving group
what Is considered a high energy compound
delt g’ of greater than 25 KJ/mol
loss of electrons
oxidation
gain of electrons
reduction
conjugate redox pair means what
something is oxidized, something is reduced
reducing agent or reductant
electron donating molecule
is reducing agent being oxidized or reduced
oxidized
oxidizing agent
electron receiving molcule
is oxidizing agent being oxidized or reduced
reduced
reactions where a compound loses 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen atoms
dehydrogenation
what catalyzes dehydrogenation rxns
dehydrogenase
ways electrons are transferred from donor to acceptor
directly as electrons, as hydrogen atoms, hydride ions, direct combo with oxygen
both NAD+ and NADP+ accept what
two electrons and one hydride ion
coenzymes derived from vitamin riboflavin
flavin nucleotides
enzymes that contain flavin nucleotides
flavoproteins
aldehydes or ketones with at least two hydroxyl groups, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis
carbohydrates
names end with -ose
carbohydrates
simple sugars
monosaccharide
consist of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit
monosaccharides
d glucose is an example of what
monosaccharide
short chain of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by glycosidic bonds
oligosaccarhides
sugar polymers w 10+ monosaccharide units
polysaccharides
carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain (aldehyde group)
aldose
carbonyl group is at any other position ( in a ketone group)
ketose
list of monosaccharides
triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose
chiral center most distant from carbonyl carbo
reference carbo
penultimate OH is on right in fischer
D
penultimate OH is down in Haworth
D
Penultimate OH is on left in fischer
L
Penultimate OH is up. in Haworth
L
two sugars that differ only on the configuration around one carbon atom
epimers
cyclic formation occurs due to…
reaction between -OH and C=O
isomeric forms of monosaccharides
anomers
anomeric carbon in glucose anomers is what
carbonyl carbon atom
-OH group below the ring (d form0
alpha
-OH group above the ring (d form)
beta
conversion btw alpha and beta
mutarotation
Fru
fructose
Gal
galactose
Glc
glucose
Man
mannose
Rib
ribose
xyl
xylose
end of carbon chain where anomeric carbon is free
reducing end
end of carbon chain where anomeric carbon is part of a glycosidic bond
non reducing end
a reducing disaccharide
lactose
nonreducing sugars example
sucrose and trehalose
homopolysaccharides
all the same monosaccharide linked
heteropolysaccharide
different monosaccharides linked
in the helical structure of glycogen and starch, how many residues per turn
6
starch contains what percent amylose
10-30
starch contains what percent amylopectin
70-90
amylopectin branches every…
20-30 Glc units
glycogen branches every..
8-14 Glc units
tough fibrous water insoluble substance
cellulsoe
most stable conformation of ceelulose
straight extended chain
example of bacterial heteropolysaccharide
peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall
what type of polymer is amylose
homo
what type of polymer is amylopectin
homo
what type of polymer is glycogen
homo
what type of polymer is celulose
homo
what type of polymer is chitin
homo
what type of polymer is hyaluronan
hetero (acidic0
repeating unit of amylose
alpha 1-4 Glc, linear
amylopectin repeating unit
alpha 1-4 glc, with alpha 1-6 clc branches every 20-30 residues
glycogen repeating unit
alpha 1-4 Glc, w alpha 1-6 Glc branches every 8-12 residues
chitin repeating unit
beta 1-4 GlcNAc
cellulose repeating unit
beta 1-4 Glc
roles of amylose
energy storage in plants
roles of amylopectin
energy storage in plants
roles of glycogen
energy storage in bacteria and animals
roles of celluose
structural: in plants, gives rigidity and strength to cell walls
roles of chitin
structural: in insects, spiders, crustaceans, gives rigidity and strength to exoskeletons
role of hyaluronan
structural: in vertebrates, ECM of skin and connective tissue; viscosity and lubrication in joints
glycosaminoglycan chains joined to
membrane proteins
carbohydrate linked to the -OH of a Set or Thr
O linked
carbohydrate linked to the amide nitrogen of an Asn residue
N linked
dominant surface feature of the outer membrane of gram neg bacteria
lipopolysaccharide
serves as main target for our immune system
lipopolysaccharide
O blood type has what
fructose, galactose, n acetylglucosamine
B blood type has what
fructose, galactose, N acetylglucosamine
a blood type has what
fructose, galactose, N acetylglucosamine, n acetylgalactoseamine
what does glucose turn into after glycolysis
2 pyruvate
how many NAD+ are used in glycolysis and what is produced
2, 2 NADH are produced
How many h2o are produced I glycolysis
2
two phases of glycolysis
prepartory phase and pay off phase
rxn 1 of glycolyssi
glucose to glucose 6-phosphate
enzyme in rxn 1 of glycolysis
hexokinase
is an ATP used in glycolysis step 1
yes
rxn 2 of glycolysis
glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate
enzyme of rxn 2 glycolysis
phosphohexose isomerase
rxn 3 glycolysis
fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
enzyme of rxn 3 glycolysis
PFK-1
is an ATP used in rxn 3 of glycolysis
yes
rxn 4 glycolysis
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
enzyme of rxn 4 glycolysis
aldolase
rxn 5 glycolysis
dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
rxn 5 glycolysis enzyme
triose phosphate isomerase
rxn 6 glycolysis
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + inorganic phosphate to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
Rxn 6 glycolysis enzyme
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
rxn 7 glycolysis
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate + ADP to 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP
rxn 7 glycolysis enzyme
phosphoglycerate kinase
2 ways to make 3-phosphoglycerate from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
directly by using ADP and making ATP; using BPG as intermediate
formation of ATP by phosphoryl group transfer from a substrate
substrate level phosphorylation
rxn 8 glycolysis
3-phosphoglycerte to 2 phosphoglycerate
rxn 8 glycolysis enzyme
phosphoglycerate mutase
rxn 9 glycolysis
2 phosphoglycerte to phosphoenolpyruvate
rxn 9 glycolysis enzyme
enolase
what step is water ejected glycolysis
9
rxn 10 glycolysis
phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP to pyruvate +ATP
rxn 10 glycolysis enzyme
pyruvate kinase
what is enzyme in enol to ketone form
tautomerization
the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is…
exergonic
the conversion of adp to ATP is…
endergonic
under standard conditions, glycolysis is essentially…
irreversible
which steps of glycolysis is ATP used
1,3
which step of glycolysis is ATP made
7,10
3 catabolic fates of pyruvate
- nadh needs to be recycled to NAD+
- under aerobic conditions, pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA
- under anaerobic condiotns (hypoxia)pyruvate is reduced to lactate or ethanol
effect by which the rate and total amount of glucose consumption under anaerobic conditions is many times greater than under aerobic conditions,
pasteur effect
the observation that tumor cells have high rates of glycolysis, with fermentation of glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen
Warburg effect
general term for processes that extract energy as ATP but do not consume oxygen or change the concentrations of NAD+ or NADH
fermentation
pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH and is reduced to lactate while regenerating the NAD+ necessary for glycolysis
lactic acid fermentation
ethanol (alcohol) fermentation
pyruvate is further catabolized to ethanol
organisms can regernate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate , forming ….
lactate
catalyzed reduction of pyruvate to lactate
lactate dehydrogenase
lactate is carried in the blood to the…
liver
yeasts and other microorganisms regenerate NAD+ via reducing what to what
pyruvate to ethanol and CO2
lactobacillus bulgaricus ferments what
carbohydrates in milk to lactic acid to make yogurt
propionibacterium freudenrichi ferments what
milk to produce propanoic acid and CO2 to make Swiss cheese
lactose intolerance caused by what
lactose enzyme decrease with age
erythrocytes, brain, renal medulla, and sperm all require…
glucose as sole energy source
able to undergo net conversion to glucose
glucogenic amino acids
pyruvate glicogenic amino acids
alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, threonine, tryptophan
alpha ketoregulate glucose amino acids
arginine, glutamate, glutamine, histidine, proline
succinyl CoA glucogenic aminoacids
isoleucine, methionine, threonine, valine,
fumarate glucogenic aminoacids
phenylalanine, tyrosine
oxaloacetate glucogenic amino acids
asparagine, aspartate
conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate is which bypass of gluconeogeneiss
first bypass
mitochondrial enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate
pyruvate carboxylase
pyruvate carboxylase requires which conenzyme
biotin
biotin delivers what to pyruvate
CO2
gluconeogenesis bypass 1a
bicarbonate + pyruvate to oxaloacetate
enzyme in bypass 1a
pyruvate carboxylase
is Atp used in bypass 1a
yes
bypass 1b
oxaloacetate plus gtp to phosphoenolpyruvate
enzyme for bypass 1b
PEP carboxylase
mitochondrial enzyme that uses NADH to reduce oxaloacetate to malate
malate dehydrogenase
where is malate reoxidized to oxaloacetate
cytosol
enzyme involved in pyruvate to oxaloacetate
pyruvate carboxylase
enzyme involved with oxaloacetate to malate
mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase
enzyme involved with oxaloacetate to PEP
cytosolic PEP carboxykinases
converts fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by hydrolysis of c1 phosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate what enzyme
PFK 1
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate what enzyme
FBPase-1
catalyzes simple hydrolysis of glucose 6 phosphate to glucose
glucose 6 phosphatase
is atp involved in glucose 6 phosphate to glucose
no
2 molecules of ADP to 1 ATP and 1 AMP, catalyzed by what
adenylate kinase
what in the liver has kinetic properties related to its role in maintaining glucose homeostasis
hexokinase 4
another name for hexokinase 4
glucokinase
where is hexokinase 4 anchored
inside the nucleus
does PFk 1 have a lot or a little bit of binding sites
a lot
regarding binding of PFK1, what role does high ATP play
lower affinity
regarding binding of PFK 1 what role does low AT P play
high affinity
inhibits PFK1
citrate
is citrate high o low when ATP is high
high
activates PFK1
f26BP
presence of AMP means what
glycolysis can occur
absence of AMP means what
gluconeogenesis can occur
presence of F26BP
glycolysis can occur
absence of f26bp
gluconeogenesis can occur
catalyzes the formation of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK2)
catalyzes breakdown of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)
insulin activates…. also which process is activates
PFK2, glycolysis
glucagon activates what and what process
FBPase 2, gluconeogenesis
stimulates phosphorylation of pyruvate kinases
glucagon
Acetyl CoA presence favors…
gluconeogenesis
alternative pathway for glucose oxidation
pentose phosphate pathway
rapidly dividing cells use what to make RNA DNA and coenzymes
ribose 5 phosphate
oxidative phase rxn 1
glucose 6-phosphate to 6-phosphoglucono lactone
enzyme in oxidative phase Rxn 1
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
oxidative phase rxn 2
6 phosphoglucono lactone to 6 phospho gluconate
oxidative phase rxn 2 enzyme
lactonase
oxidative phase rxn 3
6 phospho gluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate
oxidative phase rxn 3 enzyme
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
oxidative phase rn 4
ribulose 5 phosphate to ribose 5 phosphate
oxidative phase rxn 4 enzyme
phosphopentose isomerase
nonoxidative phase rxn 1
ribulose 5 phosphate to xylulose 5 phosphate
non oxidative rxn 1 enzyme
ribulose 5- phosphate epimerase
non oxidative rxn 2
xylulose 5 phosphate + ribose 5 phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + sedoheptulose 7 phosphate
no oxid rxn 2 enzyme
transketolase
nonoxid rxn 3
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + sedoheptulose 7 phosphate to erythrose 4 phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate
non oxidative rxn 3 enzyme
transaldose
nonoxid rxn 4
erythrose 4 phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate+ fructose 6 phosphate
nonoxid rxn 4 enzyme
transketolase
5 membered ring
furanoses
6 membered ring
pyranoses
