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AGBI 410 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

delta g and ‘delta g are related how

A

delt G = ‘delt g + ln (cd/ab)

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2
Q

for two sequential chemical rxns, what does each rxn have unique to them

A

equilibrium constant and free energy change

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3
Q

chemical link between catabolism and anabolism

A

ATP

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4
Q

what energy is used to make Atp from ADP +Pi

A

energy from catabolism of nutrient molecules

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5
Q

what in the cytosol binds to ATP and ADp

A

MG2+

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6
Q

true substrate of most enzymatic rxns involving ATP

A

MgATP2-

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7
Q

does hydrolysis have a high or low free energy

A

high

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8
Q

have a sulfur atom that has replaced the oxygen in the ester bond

A

thioesters

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9
Q

first step of ATP providing energy

A

transfer of part of the ATP molecule to a substrate molecule or amino acid residue, activating it

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10
Q

second step of ATP providing energy

A

displacement of phosphate containing moiety , generating a leaving group

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11
Q

what Is considered a high energy compound

A

delt g’ of greater than 25 KJ/mol

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12
Q

loss of electrons

A

oxidation

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13
Q

gain of electrons

A

reduction

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14
Q

conjugate redox pair means what

A

something is oxidized, something is reduced

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15
Q

reducing agent or reductant

A

electron donating molecule

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16
Q

is reducing agent being oxidized or reduced

A

oxidized

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17
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron receiving molcule

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18
Q

is oxidizing agent being oxidized or reduced

A

reduced

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19
Q

reactions where a compound loses 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen atoms

A

dehydrogenation

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20
Q

what catalyzes dehydrogenation rxns

A

dehydrogenase

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21
Q

ways electrons are transferred from donor to acceptor

A

directly as electrons, as hydrogen atoms, hydride ions, direct combo with oxygen

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22
Q

both NAD+ and NADP+ accept what

A

two electrons and one hydride ion

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23
Q

coenzymes derived from vitamin riboflavin

A

flavin nucleotides

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24
Q

enzymes that contain flavin nucleotides

A

flavoproteins

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25
Q

aldehydes or ketones with at least two hydroxyl groups, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis

A

carbohydrates

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26
Q

names end with -ose

A

carbohydrates

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27
Q

simple sugars

A

monosaccharide

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28
Q

consist of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit

A

monosaccharides

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29
Q

d glucose is an example of what

A

monosaccharide

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30
Q

short chain of monosaccharide units, or residues, joined by glycosidic bonds

A

oligosaccarhides

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31
Q

sugar polymers w 10+ monosaccharide units

A

polysaccharides

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32
Q

carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain (aldehyde group)

A

aldose

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33
Q

carbonyl group is at any other position ( in a ketone group)

A

ketose

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34
Q

list of monosaccharides

A

triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose

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35
Q

chiral center most distant from carbonyl carbo

A

reference carbo

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36
Q

penultimate OH is on right in fischer

A

D

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37
Q

penultimate OH is down in Haworth

A

D

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38
Q

Penultimate OH is on left in fischer

A

L

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39
Q

Penultimate OH is up. in Haworth

A

L

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40
Q

two sugars that differ only on the configuration around one carbon atom

A

epimers

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41
Q

cyclic formation occurs due to…

A

reaction between -OH and C=O

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42
Q

isomeric forms of monosaccharides

A

anomers

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43
Q

anomeric carbon in glucose anomers is what

A

carbonyl carbon atom

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44
Q

-OH group below the ring (d form0

A

alpha

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45
Q

-OH group above the ring (d form)

A

beta

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46
Q

conversion btw alpha and beta

A

mutarotation

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47
Q

Fru

A

fructose

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48
Q

Gal

A

galactose

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49
Q

Glc

A

glucose

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50
Q

Man

A

mannose

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51
Q

Rib

A

ribose

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52
Q

xyl

A

xylose

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53
Q

end of carbon chain where anomeric carbon is free

A

reducing end

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54
Q

end of carbon chain where anomeric carbon is part of a glycosidic bond

A

non reducing end

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55
Q

a reducing disaccharide

A

lactose

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56
Q

nonreducing sugars example

A

sucrose and trehalose

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57
Q

homopolysaccharides

A

all the same monosaccharide linked

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58
Q

heteropolysaccharide

A

different monosaccharides linked

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59
Q

in the helical structure of glycogen and starch, how many residues per turn

A

6

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60
Q

starch contains what percent amylose

A

10-30

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61
Q

starch contains what percent amylopectin

A

70-90

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62
Q

amylopectin branches every…

A

20-30 Glc units

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63
Q

glycogen branches every..

A

8-14 Glc units

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64
Q

tough fibrous water insoluble substance

A

cellulsoe

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65
Q

most stable conformation of ceelulose

A

straight extended chain

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66
Q

example of bacterial heteropolysaccharide

A

peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall

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67
Q

what type of polymer is amylose

A

homo

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68
Q

what type of polymer is amylopectin

A

homo

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69
Q

what type of polymer is glycogen

A

homo

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70
Q

what type of polymer is celulose

A

homo

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71
Q

what type of polymer is chitin

A

homo

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72
Q

what type of polymer is hyaluronan

A

hetero (acidic0

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73
Q

repeating unit of amylose

A

alpha 1-4 Glc, linear

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74
Q

amylopectin repeating unit

A

alpha 1-4 glc, with alpha 1-6 clc branches every 20-30 residues

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75
Q

glycogen repeating unit

A

alpha 1-4 Glc, w alpha 1-6 Glc branches every 8-12 residues

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76
Q

chitin repeating unit

A

beta 1-4 GlcNAc

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77
Q

cellulose repeating unit

A

beta 1-4 Glc

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78
Q

roles of amylose

A

energy storage in plants

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79
Q

roles of amylopectin

A

energy storage in plants

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80
Q

roles of glycogen

A

energy storage in bacteria and animals

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81
Q

roles of celluose

A

structural: in plants, gives rigidity and strength to cell walls

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82
Q

roles of chitin

A

structural: in insects, spiders, crustaceans, gives rigidity and strength to exoskeletons

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83
Q

role of hyaluronan

A

structural: in vertebrates, ECM of skin and connective tissue; viscosity and lubrication in joints

84
Q

glycosaminoglycan chains joined to

A

membrane proteins

85
Q

carbohydrate linked to the -OH of a Set or Thr

A

O linked

86
Q

carbohydrate linked to the amide nitrogen of an Asn residue

A

N linked

87
Q

dominant surface feature of the outer membrane of gram neg bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharide

88
Q

serves as main target for our immune system

A

lipopolysaccharide

89
Q

O blood type has what

A

fructose, galactose, n acetylglucosamine

90
Q

B blood type has what

A

fructose, galactose, N acetylglucosamine

91
Q

a blood type has what

A

fructose, galactose, N acetylglucosamine, n acetylgalactoseamine

92
Q

what does glucose turn into after glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate

93
Q

how many NAD+ are used in glycolysis and what is produced

A

2, 2 NADH are produced

94
Q

How many h2o are produced I glycolysis

A

2

95
Q

two phases of glycolysis

A

prepartory phase and pay off phase

96
Q

rxn 1 of glycolyssi

A

glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

97
Q

enzyme in rxn 1 of glycolysis

A

hexokinase

98
Q

is an ATP used in glycolysis step 1

A

yes

99
Q

rxn 2 of glycolysis

A

glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

100
Q

enzyme of rxn 2 glycolysis

A

phosphohexose isomerase

101
Q

rxn 3 glycolysis

A

fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

102
Q

enzyme of rxn 3 glycolysis

A

PFK-1

103
Q

is an ATP used in rxn 3 of glycolysis

A

yes

104
Q

rxn 4 glycolysis

A

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

105
Q

enzyme of rxn 4 glycolysis

A

aldolase

106
Q

rxn 5 glycolysis

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

107
Q

rxn 5 glycolysis enzyme

A

triose phosphate isomerase

108
Q

rxn 6 glycolysis

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + inorganic phosphate to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

109
Q

Rxn 6 glycolysis enzyme

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

110
Q

rxn 7 glycolysis

A

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate + ADP to 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP

111
Q

rxn 7 glycolysis enzyme

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

112
Q

2 ways to make 3-phosphoglycerate from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

A

directly by using ADP and making ATP; using BPG as intermediate

113
Q

formation of ATP by phosphoryl group transfer from a substrate

A

substrate level phosphorylation

114
Q

rxn 8 glycolysis

A

3-phosphoglycerte to 2 phosphoglycerate

115
Q

rxn 8 glycolysis enzyme

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

116
Q

rxn 9 glycolysis

A

2 phosphoglycerte to phosphoenolpyruvate

117
Q

rxn 9 glycolysis enzyme

A

enolase

118
Q

what step is water ejected glycolysis

A

9

119
Q

rxn 10 glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP to pyruvate +ATP

120
Q

rxn 10 glycolysis enzyme

A

pyruvate kinase

121
Q

what is enzyme in enol to ketone form

A

tautomerization

122
Q

the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is…

A

exergonic

123
Q

the conversion of adp to ATP is…

A

endergonic

124
Q

under standard conditions, glycolysis is essentially…

A

irreversible

125
Q

which steps of glycolysis is ATP used

A

1,3

126
Q

which step of glycolysis is ATP made

A

7,10

127
Q

3 catabolic fates of pyruvate

A
  1. nadh needs to be recycled to NAD+
  2. under aerobic conditions, pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA
  3. under anaerobic condiotns (hypoxia)pyruvate is reduced to lactate or ethanol
128
Q

effect by which the rate and total amount of glucose consumption under anaerobic conditions is many times greater than under aerobic conditions,

A

pasteur effect

129
Q

the observation that tumor cells have high rates of glycolysis, with fermentation of glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen

A

Warburg effect

130
Q

general term for processes that extract energy as ATP but do not consume oxygen or change the concentrations of NAD+ or NADH

A

fermentation

131
Q

pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH and is reduced to lactate while regenerating the NAD+ necessary for glycolysis

A

lactic acid fermentation

132
Q

ethanol (alcohol) fermentation

A

pyruvate is further catabolized to ethanol

133
Q

organisms can regernate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate , forming ….

A

lactate

134
Q

catalyzed reduction of pyruvate to lactate

A

lactate dehydrogenase

135
Q

lactate is carried in the blood to the…

A

liver

136
Q

yeasts and other microorganisms regenerate NAD+ via reducing what to what

A

pyruvate to ethanol and CO2

137
Q

lactobacillus bulgaricus ferments what

A

carbohydrates in milk to lactic acid to make yogurt

138
Q

propionibacterium freudenrichi ferments what

A

milk to produce propanoic acid and CO2 to make Swiss cheese

139
Q

lactose intolerance caused by what

A

lactose enzyme decrease with age

140
Q

erythrocytes, brain, renal medulla, and sperm all require…

A

glucose as sole energy source

141
Q

able to undergo net conversion to glucose

A

glucogenic amino acids

142
Q

pyruvate glicogenic amino acids

A

alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, threonine, tryptophan

143
Q

alpha ketoregulate glucose amino acids

A

arginine, glutamate, glutamine, histidine, proline

144
Q

succinyl CoA glucogenic aminoacids

A

isoleucine, methionine, threonine, valine,

145
Q

fumarate glucogenic aminoacids

A

phenylalanine, tyrosine

146
Q

oxaloacetate glucogenic amino acids

A

asparagine, aspartate

147
Q

conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate is which bypass of gluconeogeneiss

A

first bypass

148
Q

mitochondrial enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

A

pyruvate carboxylase

149
Q

pyruvate carboxylase requires which conenzyme

A

biotin

150
Q

biotin delivers what to pyruvate

A

CO2

151
Q

gluconeogenesis bypass 1a

A

bicarbonate + pyruvate to oxaloacetate

152
Q

enzyme in bypass 1a

A

pyruvate carboxylase

153
Q

is Atp used in bypass 1a

A

yes

154
Q

bypass 1b

A

oxaloacetate plus gtp to phosphoenolpyruvate

155
Q

enzyme for bypass 1b

A

PEP carboxylase

156
Q

mitochondrial enzyme that uses NADH to reduce oxaloacetate to malate

A

malate dehydrogenase

157
Q

where is malate reoxidized to oxaloacetate

A

cytosol

158
Q

enzyme involved in pyruvate to oxaloacetate

A

pyruvate carboxylase

159
Q

enzyme involved with oxaloacetate to malate

A

mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase

160
Q

enzyme involved with oxaloacetate to PEP

A

cytosolic PEP carboxykinases

161
Q

converts fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by hydrolysis of c1 phosphate

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

162
Q

fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate what enzyme

A

PFK 1

163
Q

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate what enzyme

A

FBPase-1

164
Q

catalyzes simple hydrolysis of glucose 6 phosphate to glucose

A

glucose 6 phosphatase

165
Q

is atp involved in glucose 6 phosphate to glucose

A

no

166
Q

2 molecules of ADP to 1 ATP and 1 AMP, catalyzed by what

A

adenylate kinase

167
Q

what in the liver has kinetic properties related to its role in maintaining glucose homeostasis

A

hexokinase 4

168
Q

another name for hexokinase 4

A

glucokinase

169
Q

where is hexokinase 4 anchored

A

inside the nucleus

170
Q

does PFk 1 have a lot or a little bit of binding sites

A

a lot

171
Q

regarding binding of PFK1, what role does high ATP play

A

lower affinity

172
Q

regarding binding of PFK 1 what role does low AT P play

A

high affinity

173
Q

inhibits PFK1

A

citrate

174
Q

is citrate high o low when ATP is high

A

high

175
Q

activates PFK1

A

f26BP

176
Q

presence of AMP means what

A

glycolysis can occur

177
Q

absence of AMP means what

A

gluconeogenesis can occur

178
Q

presence of F26BP

A

glycolysis can occur

179
Q

absence of f26bp

A

gluconeogenesis can occur

180
Q

catalyzes the formation of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

A

phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK2)

181
Q

catalyzes breakdown of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

A

fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)

182
Q

insulin activates…. also which process is activates

A

PFK2, glycolysis

183
Q

glucagon activates what and what process

A

FBPase 2, gluconeogenesis

184
Q

stimulates phosphorylation of pyruvate kinases

A

glucagon

185
Q

Acetyl CoA presence favors…

A

gluconeogenesis

186
Q

alternative pathway for glucose oxidation

A

pentose phosphate pathway

187
Q

rapidly dividing cells use what to make RNA DNA and coenzymes

A

ribose 5 phosphate

188
Q

oxidative phase rxn 1

A

glucose 6-phosphate to 6-phosphoglucono lactone

189
Q

enzyme in oxidative phase Rxn 1

A

glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

190
Q

oxidative phase rxn 2

A

6 phosphoglucono lactone to 6 phospho gluconate

191
Q

oxidative phase rxn 2 enzyme

A

lactonase

192
Q

oxidative phase rxn 3

A

6 phospho gluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate

193
Q

oxidative phase rxn 3 enzyme

A

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

194
Q

oxidative phase rn 4

A

ribulose 5 phosphate to ribose 5 phosphate

195
Q

oxidative phase rxn 4 enzyme

A

phosphopentose isomerase

196
Q

nonoxidative phase rxn 1

A

ribulose 5 phosphate to xylulose 5 phosphate

197
Q

non oxidative rxn 1 enzyme

A

ribulose 5- phosphate epimerase

198
Q

non oxidative rxn 2

A

xylulose 5 phosphate + ribose 5 phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + sedoheptulose 7 phosphate

199
Q

no oxid rxn 2 enzyme

A

transketolase

200
Q

nonoxid rxn 3

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + sedoheptulose 7 phosphate to erythrose 4 phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate

201
Q

non oxidative rxn 3 enzyme

A

transaldose

202
Q

nonoxid rxn 4

A

erythrose 4 phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate+ fructose 6 phosphate

203
Q

nonoxid rxn 4 enzyme

A

transketolase

204
Q

5 membered ring

A

furanoses

205
Q

6 membered ring

A

pyranoses

AGBI 410 (26 decks)

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