Exam 2 final review Flashcards
carbonyl group is at end of the carbon chain
aldose
carbonyl group is at any other position (in a ketone group)
ketose
pentose. component of RNA and comp of DNA
Rna: d - ribose DNA: 2-deoxy-d-ribsoe
2 hexoses are what
d-glucose, d-fructose
chiral center most instant from carbonyl carbon
reference carbon
two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom
epimer
epimers of glucose
mannose, galactose
6 membered ring, form when the hydroxyl group at C5 reacts with the aldehyde group at C1
pyranoses
5 membered ring, form when the hydroxyl group at C5 reacts with the keto group at C2
furanoses
function of amylose
energy storage in plants
function of amylopectin
energy storage in plants
glycogen function
energy storage in bacteria and animal cells
cellulose function
structural in plants, gives rigidity and strength to cell walls
chitin function
structural in insects, spiders, gives rigidity and strength to exoskeletons
peptidoglycan function
structural in bacteria, gives rigidity and strength to cell envelope
dominant surface feature of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
lipopolysaccharides
serve as main target for our immune system
lipopolysaccharides
3 functions of phosphorylation
traps biomolecule, activates biomolecule, contributes to binding energy
2 phases of glycolysis
prepatory and payoff
relationship between k and delta g is
delta G = -RT ln (k)
when k is less than 1, the reaction…
proceeds in reverse
when k is more than 1, the reaction..
proceeds forward
Mg2+ in the cytosol binds to….
ATP and ADP
how is pyruvate formed
PEP is hydrolyzed
have a sulfer atom that has replaced the oxygen in the ester bond
thioesters
conjugate redox pair includes what
something reduced, something oxidized
reaction where a compound loses two electrons and two hydrogen ions
dehydrogenation
dehydrogenation catalyzed by what
dehydrogenases
what do NAD+ and NADP+ both accept
two electrons, one proton
coenzymes derived from the vitamin riboflavin
flavin nucleotides
enzymes that contain flavin nucleotides
flavoproteins
under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is…
oxidized to acetyl CoA
under anaerobic condones, pyruvate is…
reduced to lactate or ethanol
effect by which the rate and total amount of glucose consumption under anaerobic conditions is many times greater than under aerobic conditions
Pasteur effect
observation that tumor cels have high rates of glycolysis , with fermentation of glucose to lactate, even in the presence of oxygen
Warburg effect
general term for processes that extract energy as ATP, but do not consume oxygen or change the concentrations of NAD+ or NADH
fermentation
pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH and is reduced to lactate while regeneration the NAD+ necessary for glycolysis
lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is further catabolized to ethanol
ethanol fermentation
terminal election acceptor in lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate
organisms can regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate,, forming….
lactate
catalyzed the reduction of pyruvate to lactate
lactate dehydrogenase
erythrocytes, renal medulla, brain and sperm all require what
glucose
mitochondrial enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate
pyruvate carboxylase
pyruvate carboxylase requires what coenzyme
biotin
mitocondrial enzyme that uses NADH to reduce oxaloacetate to malate
malate dehydrogenase
malate is reoidized to oxaloacetate in what
cytosol
converts fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by hydrolysis of the C-1 phosphate
fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate
catalyzed the simple hydrolysis of glucose 6 phos to glucose
glucose 6 phosphatase
glucokinase is also known as
hexokinase 4
if there is low ATP, how does this affect PFK1 binding
higher affinity
ADP and AMP do what to PFK1
increase it
citrate and ATP do what to PFK1
inhibit
F26BP does what
activates PFK1, inhibits FBPase 1
catalyzes formation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
phosphofructokinase 2
catalyzed the breakdown of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase
alternative pathway for glucose oxidation
pentose phosphate pathway
