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AGBI 410 > Exam 2 final review > Flashcards

Exam 2 final review Flashcards

1
Q

carbonyl group is at end of the carbon chain

A

aldose

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2
Q

carbonyl group is at any other position (in a ketone group)

A

ketose

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3
Q

pentose. component of RNA and comp of DNA

A

Rna: d - ribose DNA: 2-deoxy-d-ribsoe

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4
Q

2 hexoses are what

A

d-glucose, d-fructose

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5
Q

chiral center most instant from carbonyl carbon

A

reference carbon

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6
Q

two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom

A

epimer

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7
Q

epimers of glucose

A

mannose, galactose

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8
Q

6 membered ring, form when the hydroxyl group at C5 reacts with the aldehyde group at C1

A

pyranoses

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9
Q

5 membered ring, form when the hydroxyl group at C5 reacts with the keto group at C2

A

furanoses

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10
Q

function of amylose

A

energy storage in plants

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11
Q

function of amylopectin

A

energy storage in plants

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12
Q

glycogen function

A

energy storage in bacteria and animal cells

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13
Q

cellulose function

A

structural in plants, gives rigidity and strength to cell walls

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14
Q

chitin function

A

structural in insects, spiders, gives rigidity and strength to exoskeletons

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15
Q

peptidoglycan function

A

structural in bacteria, gives rigidity and strength to cell envelope

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16
Q

dominant surface feature of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharides

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17
Q

serve as main target for our immune system

A

lipopolysaccharides

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18
Q

3 functions of phosphorylation

A

traps biomolecule, activates biomolecule, contributes to binding energy

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19
Q

2 phases of glycolysis

A

prepatory and payoff

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20
Q

relationship between k and delta g is

A

delta G = -RT ln (k)

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21
Q

when k is less than 1, the reaction…

A

proceeds in reverse

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22
Q

when k is more than 1, the reaction..

A

proceeds forward

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23
Q

Mg2+ in the cytosol binds to….

A

ATP and ADP

24
Q

how is pyruvate formed

A

PEP is hydrolyzed

25
Q

have a sulfer atom that has replaced the oxygen in the ester bond

A

thioesters

26
Q

conjugate redox pair includes what

A

something reduced, something oxidized

27
Q

reaction where a compound loses two electrons and two hydrogen ions

A

dehydrogenation

28
Q

dehydrogenation catalyzed by what

A

dehydrogenases

29
Q

what do NAD+ and NADP+ both accept

A

two electrons, one proton

30
Q

coenzymes derived from the vitamin riboflavin

A

flavin nucleotides

31
Q

enzymes that contain flavin nucleotides

A

flavoproteins

32
Q

under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is…

A

oxidized to acetyl CoA

33
Q

under anaerobic condones, pyruvate is…

A

reduced to lactate or ethanol

34
Q

effect by which the rate and total amount of glucose consumption under anaerobic conditions is many times greater than under aerobic conditions

A

Pasteur effect

35
Q

observation that tumor cels have high rates of glycolysis , with fermentation of glucose to lactate, even in the presence of oxygen

A

Warburg effect

36
Q

general term for processes that extract energy as ATP, but do not consume oxygen or change the concentrations of NAD+ or NADH

A

fermentation

37
Q

pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH and is reduced to lactate while regeneration the NAD+ necessary for glycolysis

A

lactic acid fermentation

38
Q

pyruvate is further catabolized to ethanol

A

ethanol fermentation

39
Q

terminal election acceptor in lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate

40
Q

organisms can regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate,, forming….

A

lactate

41
Q

catalyzed the reduction of pyruvate to lactate

A

lactate dehydrogenase

42
Q

erythrocytes, renal medulla, brain and sperm all require what

A

glucose

43
Q

mitochondrial enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

A

pyruvate carboxylase

44
Q

pyruvate carboxylase requires what coenzyme

A

biotin

45
Q

mitocondrial enzyme that uses NADH to reduce oxaloacetate to malate

A

malate dehydrogenase

46
Q

malate is reoidized to oxaloacetate in what

A

cytosol

47
Q

converts fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by hydrolysis of the C-1 phosphate

A

fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate

48
Q

catalyzed the simple hydrolysis of glucose 6 phos to glucose

A

glucose 6 phosphatase

49
Q

glucokinase is also known as

A

hexokinase 4

50
Q

if there is low ATP, how does this affect PFK1 binding

A

higher affinity

51
Q

ADP and AMP do what to PFK1

A

increase it

52
Q

citrate and ATP do what to PFK1

A

inhibit

53
Q

F26BP does what

A

activates PFK1, inhibits FBPase 1

54
Q

catalyzes formation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

A

phosphofructokinase 2

55
Q

catalyzed the breakdown of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

A

fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase

56
Q

alternative pathway for glucose oxidation

A

pentose phosphate pathway

AGBI 410 (26 decks)

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