Lec 3- Proteins, Enzyme, Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
Differentiated Cell
A cell committed to becoming a certain type of cell.
Gene
A stretch of DNA that codes for synthesis of a particular polypeptide.
Transcription
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).
Translation
Translation is the process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds. It is essentially a translation from one code (nucleotide sequence) to another code (amino acid sequence).
Sickle cell anemia
Genetic defect that makes RBC stiff and and unnaturally shaped.
Tay Sachs
Abnormal accumulation of complex molecules found in nerve cells. Leads to nervous system degeneration.
The enzyme responsible for degrading GM2 is defective so that GM2 accumulates in the brain causing brain damage and early death.
Van der Waals Forces
Weakest bond in a protein, but can stabilize a structure.
Disulfide bond
Bond found in a protein. (covalent bond) requires an enzyme to break.
Enzyme
Helper molecules that exert amazing influence on the rates of chemical reactions that take place in the organisms.
It lowers the activation energy.
Substrate/Reactant
Modified by an enzyme.
Cofactor
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is required for the protein’s biological activity. Many enzymes require cofactors to function properly. Cofactors can be considered “helper molecules” that assist enzymes in their action. Cofactors can be ions or organic molecules (called coenzymes).
Linear pathway
Single line of intermediates to final product.
Branched pathway
Intermediates branch to lead to two different final products. One is usually favored over the other.
Inhibitor
Works to keep the unwanted product form forming in a branched pathway.
End-product inhibition
Prevent the buildup of unwanted product in branched pathway.
PKU-phenylketonuria
Build-up of phenylpyruvic acid, can cause mental retardation and epilepsy.
Phenylalanine
An amino acid found in many foods and used by your body to produce proteins and other important molecules.
Turns into phenylpyruvic acid with the help of an enzyme.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Energy. Byproduct of glycolysis, krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis
Fast way to generate ATP, but produces a small amount.
Turns one glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules.
Pyruvate/Pyruvic Acid
End product of glycolysis.
Used in the citric acid cycle to create even more ATP.
Anaerobic
ATP generated without the use of Oxygen.
Glycolysis.
Mitochondria
Associated with ATP generation.
Oxidative phosphorylation pathway
Occurs in mitochondrial inner membrane.
Produces the most ATP, but slow.
Citric acid cycle/TCA cycle/Krebs cycle
Uses Acetyl-CoA.
Generates 2 ATP.
Lactate/Lactic Acid
When oxygen levels are low , pyruvate is converted to lactic acid and energy is transferred to NADH in the process of fermentation.
Acetyl-CoA
Enters the citric acid cycle.
Ketone bodies
fatty acids. Starting products of oxidative phosphorylation.
Cystic fibrosis
Genetic defect in the CFTR protein which regulates Cl- transport across bronchial passageways.
Apoptosis
Cell suicide, programmed cell death. WANT to happen.
Necrosis
Cells break open, affects neighboring cells. DON’T want to happen.
Stem cell
Undifferentiated, pleuropotent cells.
Denatured
Enzyme that is denatured will lose its function. SOMETIMES it could refold and work again.
