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Physiology > Lec 18- Respiratory system > Flashcards

Lec 18- Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Ventillation

A

Moves air in and out of lungs for gas exchange with blood.

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2
Q

Gas exchange

A

between blood and tissues. Passive. O2 in and CO2 out

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3
Q

O2 utilizaton

A

cellular respiration

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4
Q

External respiration

A

Air that moves in and out of lungs

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5
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissues and )2 use by tissues.

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6
Q

Diaphragm

A

Skeletal muscle below the lungs that aid in ventilation.

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7
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity. Lungs take up the most space.

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8
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

The peritoneal cavity is a true space between the parietal peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal wall) and visceral peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the internal organs).

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9
Q

Intrapleural space

A

Between the parietal and visceral pleura is the intrapleural space, or pleural cavity. This contains a small amount of serous fluid which establishes adhesion between the layers and allows smooth movement between the lung and chest wall, and between individual lobes of the lungs.

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10
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covering lungs

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11
Q

Parietal pleura

A

lining thoracic cavity walls

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12
Q

Pharynx

A

throat. Serves as the common passageway for both respiratory and the digestive system.

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13
Q

Larynx

A

voice box, located at entrance to trachea

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14
Q

Esophagus

A

tube in which food passes through to get to the stomach.

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15
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

Make up the alveolar walls.

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16
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant.

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17
Q

Surfactant

A

Surface acting agents.
Consists of phospholipids secreted by type II alveolar cells.
Lowers surface tension by getting between H2O molecules, reducing their ability to attract each other via hydrogen bonding.

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18
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P1V1=P2V2

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19
Q

Inspiration

A

Taking in air from outside

Contraction of diaphragm, external intercostal muscels.

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20
Q

Expiration

A

expelling air from outside

Contraction of internal intercostal muscles and abs for forced air expulsion.

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21
Q

External intercoastal muscles

A

Contraction needed for inspiration.

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22
Q

Internal intercoatal muscles

A

Contraction needed for forced expiration.

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23
Q

Scalenes

A

Contraction needed for forced inspiration.

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24
Q

Sternocleidomastoids

A

Contraction needed for forced inspiration.

25
Q

Intrapulmonary

A

Inside the lung.
Pressure during inspiration -3 mmHg.
Pressure during expiration +3 mmHg

26
Q

Transpulmonary

A

Positive transpulmonary pressure (intrapulmonary - intrapleural pressure) keeps lungs inflated.

27
Q

Transmural

A

net outward pressure differential pushes out on the lungs, stretching or distending them.

28
Q

Compliance

A

The distensibility of a hallow, elastic structure, such as a blood vessel or the lungs; a measure of how easily the muscle can be stretched.

29
Q

Pneumothorax

A

The abnormal condition of air entering the pleural cavity.

30
Q

Spirometry

A

Detects changes in lung volume.

Consists of an air-filled drum floating in a water filled chamber.

31
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

No gas exchange occurs.

Part that remains in the conducting airways.

32
Q

Tidal volume

A

Air moved in and out of the lungs during relaxed breathing.

Avg = 500 mL

33
Q

Inspiratory reserve volumes

A

The extra volume of air that can be actively inspired over and above the typical resting tidal volume.
Avg = 3000 mL

34
Q

Expiratory reserve volumes

A

The extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximally contracting the expiratory muscles beyond the tidal volume.
Avg = 1000mL

35
Q

Residual volume

A

Air left in the lungs after a maximum exhalation.

Avg = 1200 mL

36
Q

Total lung capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold.

Avg = 5700 mL

37
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration.
Avg = 4500 mL

38
Q

Restrictive pulmonary disease

A

Decreased lung compliance. reduced inspiratory volume, in other words, there is a reduced vital capacity but with normal forced vital capacity.
E.g. pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory distress syndrome.

39
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Increased airway resistance - can be related to loss of elasticity - reduced airway flow (reduced diameter), in other words, there is a normal vital capacity but expiration is slowed down.
E.g. emphysema, asthma, pulmonary edema. Collectively, these are referred to as COPD

40
Q

FEV 1 - forced expiratory volume

A

This test measure the rate of expiration.
Is at about 80% = Patient has restrictive pulmonary disease.
If less than 80% = patient has obstructive type pulmonary disease.

41
Q

Dyspnea

A

shortness of breath;most common symptom of COPD

42
Q

Asthma

A

A condition in which a person’s airways become inflamed, narrow and swell, and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe.

43
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe; through which air is conducted to the lungs.

44
Q

Bronchus

A

Branch off the trachea to each lung.

45
Q

Bronchioles

A

Branch off bronchus

46
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Terminal bronchioles. The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. It branches off the lesser bronchioles. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli.

47
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

The respiratory bronchioles are the narrowest airways of the lungs, 0.5 mm across. The bronchi divide many times before evolving into the bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs. They are interrupted by alveoli which are thin walled evaginations.

48
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Site where gas exchange occurs

49
Q

Conducting zone

A

humidifies and warms inspired air.

50
Q

Surface tension

A

Lungs secrete and absorb fluid, normally leaving a thin film of fluid on alveolar surface.
This film causes ST because H2O molecules are attracted to other H2O molecules.

51
Q

Fibrosis

A

Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process. This can be a reactive, benign, or pathological state. In response to injury, this is called scarring, and if fibrosis arises from a single cell line, this is called a fibroma.

52
Q

Elasticity

A

Is tendency to return to initial size after distension.
Due to high content of elastin proteins.
Elastic tension increases during inspiration and is reduced by recoil during expiration.

53
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

defect in the CFTR gene. Messes with chloride channels.

54
Q

Law of Laplace

A

states that pressure in alveolus is directly proportional to ST and inversely to radius alveloi.
Pressure in smaller alveoli would be greater than in larger alveoli, if ST were the same in both.

55
Q

ARDS - respiratory distress syndrome

A

In adults, spetic shock may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which decreases compliance and surfactant secretion.

56
Q

RDS - respiratory distress symptom

A

Premies are often born with immature surfactant system Have trouble inflating lungs.

57
Q

Emphysema

A

Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking.

58
Q

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Emphysema, asthma, pulmonary edema. Increased airway resistance.

59
Q

Atelectasis

A

Atelectasis is collapse of lung tissue with loss of volume.

Physiology (26 decks)

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