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Physiology > Lec 23- Digestive System and Fuel Metabolism; Pancreas > Flashcards

Lec 23- Digestive System and Fuel Metabolism; Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Turn into monosaccharides (primarily glucose).

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2
Q

Monosaccharide

A

“one sugar” molecules.

Primarily glucose in the body.

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3
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Simple sugars linked together in chains.

Sucrose and lactose.

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4
Q

Glucose

A

Monosaccharide

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5
Q

FA - fatty acid

A

used for energy or stored as triacylglycarides

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6
Q

Monoglycerides

A

A fat

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7
Q

Ketone bodies

A

A fat. Are the breakdown products of fatty acids.
Liver convert fatty acids to ketone bodies, which are released into the bloodstream.
Used for energy or stored as triacylglycerides.

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8
Q

Acetacetic acid

A

FIND

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9
Q

Acetone

A

FIND

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10
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Common in Type I diabetes; rare in Type II diabetes.

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11
Q

Proteins

A

Break down into amino acids for the body

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12
Q

Amino acids

A
  1. new protein synthesis
  2. excess converted to acetyl-CoA -> FA’s
  3. In liver, can be converted to glucose -> for energy or storage as glycogen, or triacylglycerides for storage.
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13
Q

Motility

A

Refers to the digestive tract’s muscular contractions, of which there are two basic types; propulsive movements and mixing movements.

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14
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in food?

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15
Q

Mastication

A

chewing

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16
Q

Deglutition

A

The action or process of swallowing

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17
Q

Peristalsis

A

refers to ringlike contractions if the circular smooth muscle that move progressively forward, pushing the bolus into a relaxed area ahead if the contraction.

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18
Q

Secretion

A

Juices secreted by the stomach to help with digestion.

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19
Q

Exocrine

A

Glands that secrete through ducts to the outside of the body or into a cavity that communicates with the outside.

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20
Q

Endocrine

A

FIND

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21
Q

Absorption

A

The transfer of digested nutrients and ingested liquids from the digestive tract lumen into the blood or lymph.

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22
Q

Esophagus

A

A straight muscular tube that extends between the pharynx and the stomach.

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23
Q

Salivary gland

A

exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. Humans have three paired major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands. Salivary glands can be classified as serous, mucous or seromucous (mixed).

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24
Q

Liver

A

Secretes bile.

Bile salts facilitate fat digestion and absorption in the duodenal lumen.

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25
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile between meals.

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26
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes which accomplish digestion in the duodenal luman.

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27
Q

Gastroesophageal sphincter AKA cardiac sphincter

A

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a bundle of muscles at the low end of the esophagus, where it meets the stomach. When the LES is closed, it prevents acid and stomach contents from traveling backwards from the stomach.

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28
Q

Chyme

A

Ingested food mixed with gastric secretions.

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29
Q

G cells

A

Secrete gastrin. Stimulated by protein products and ACh.

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30
Q

Gastrin

A

Secreted by G cells.

Stimulates the parietal and chief cells, promoting secretion of a highly acidic gastric juice.

31
Q

Chief cells

A

Secretes pepsinogen. Stimulated by ACh and gastrin.

32
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Once activated, begins protein digestion.

33
Q

ECL - enterochromaffin - like Cells

A

secrete the paracrine histamine.

34
Q

HCl - hydrochloric acid

A 
Parietal cells secrete HCl.
Does not digest anything.
Activates the enzyme precursor for pepsinogen.
Denatures proteins.
Kills microorganisms.
35
Q

D cells

A

Secretes Somatostatin.

Stimulated by Acid.

36
Q

Somatostatin

A

inhibitory effects, gastric secretion declines.

37
Q

Mucus

A

Protects stomach from eating itself.

38
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Local chemical mediators that are derived from a component of the plasma membrane, arachidonic acid.

39
Q

NSAID - non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug

A

PG blockers. Can cause ulcers.

40
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

When the gastric mucosal barrier is broken and the gastric wall is injured by its acidic and enzymatic contents.

41
Q

Helicobactor pylori

A

The bacterium most responsible for peptic ulcers.

42
Q

Acute gastritis

A

Acute gastritis is a sudden inflammation or swelling in the lining of the stomach. Gastritis only directly affects the stomach, while gastroenteritis affects both the stomach and the intestines. The most common causes of acute gastritis are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids.

43
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

The juncture between the stomach and the duodenum.

44
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine.

Most absorption and digestion takes place.

45
Q

Secretin

A

A hormone released from the duodenal mucosa primarily in response to the presence of acid; inhibits gastric motility and secretion and stimulates secretion of NaHCO3 solution from the pancreas and liver.

46
Q

CCK

A

A hormone released form the duodenal mucosa primarily in response to the presence of fat; inhibits gastric motility and secretion, stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion, stimulates gallbladder contraction, and acts as a satiety signal.

47
Q

Zymogen granules

A

Most pancreatic enzymes are produces in inactive form zymogens. Tripsin activates other zymogens.

48
Q

Acinar cells

A

Stimulated by CCK.
Increases secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes into duodenal lumen. Which leads to the digestion of fat and proteins products in the duodenal lumen.

49
Q

Zymogen

A

Most pancreatic enzymes are produces in inactive form zymogens. Tripsin activates other zymogens.

50
Q

Enterohepatic circulation

A

The recycling of bile salts and other bile constituents between the small intestine and liver by means of the hepatic portal vein.

51
Q

Bile

A

An alkaline solution containing bile salts and bilirubin secreted by the liver, stores in the gallbladder, and emptied into the small intestine lumen.

52
Q

Emulsify

A

make into or become an emulsion

53
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Large, coated fat droplets.

54
Q

Large intestine

A

Colon; basically stores stool before in needs to be excreted.

55
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

increase undigested solutes

56
Q

Secretory diarrhea

A

lot of fluid secreted by cells in walls of large intestine (Cl- + Na+ + H2O)
The amount is increased by mechanical irritation or by bacterial toxins i.e. cholera. As a result in loss of fluid can cause 1. decrease in electrolytes.
2. acidosis.
3. dehydration.

57
Q

Metabolic rate

A

MR. is total rate of body metabolism = amount of O2 consumed by body/min

58
Q

BMR - basal metabolic rate

A

Is MR of awake relaxed person 12-14 hrs after eating and at a comfortable temperature.
Assessing what is the baseline amount of energy that the person is using.

59
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in the body.

60
Q

Anabolism/anabolic

A

Synthesis and energy storage reactions.

61
Q

Catabolism/catabolic

A

energy liberating reactions

62
Q

Absorptive state

A

4 hours period after eating.

Energy substrates from digestion are used and deposited in storage forms (anabolism)

63
Q

Postabsorptive (fasting) state

A

follows absorptive state,

Energy is withdrawn from storage (catabolism)

64
Q

Insulin

A

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia).

65
Q

Glucagon

A

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body.

66
Q

a cells

A

produce glucagon

67
Q

b cells

A

site of insulin synthesis and secretion

68
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Includes type I and type II

69
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Hypoglycemia is a condition caused by a very low level of blood sugar (glucose), your body’s main energy source. Hypoglycemia is often related to the treatment of diabetes. However, a variety of conditions — many rare — can cause low blood sugar in people without diabetes.

70
Q

Type I - IDDM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)

A

accounts for 10% of diabetes cases.

Characterized by a lack of insulin secretion because of erroneous autoimmune attack against the pancreatic B cells.

71
Q

Type II - NIDDM (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)

A

insulin secretion normal. Insulin target cells are less sensitive than normal to this hormone for elusive reasons presently under intense investigation.

72
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

characterized by excretion of a large amount of severely diluted urine that cant be reduced when fluid intake is reduced. Urine is NOT sweet.

73
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor; stimulated by ACh, gastrin, and histamine.

Physiology (26 decks)

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