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Physiology > Lec 24- Endocrine System Overview and Specific Glands > Flashcards

Lec 24- Endocrine System Overview and Specific Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood.

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2
Q

Hormone

A

A long distance chemical mediator is secreted by an endocrine gland into the blood, which transports it to its target cells.

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3
Q

Neurohormone

A

Hormones released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons

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4
Q

preprohormones

A

precursor of prohormones

e.g. preproinsulin

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5
Q

prohormones

A

are precursors of hormones

e.g. proinsulin

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6
Q

Half-life

A

is time required for blood level to be reduced by half.

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7
Q

Upregulation

A

Priming effect.
Occurs when a hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cells.\
Results in greater response on target cells.

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8
Q

Downregulation

A

Desensitization.
Occurs after long exposure to high levels of polypeptide hormone.
Critical in type II diabetes.
Subsequent exposure to this hormone produces a lesser response.
Due to decrease in # of receptors on targets.

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9
Q

Pulsatile secretion

A

Most peptide hormones have this.

Prevents downregulation.

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10
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

store and releases hormones made in hypothalamus.

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

produces own hormones. Controlled by hypothalamus.

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12
Q

Infundibulum

A

Hangs off hypothalamus and carries the pituitary gland.

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13
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary gland.

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14
Q

GH - growth hormone

A

promotes growth protein synthesis and movements of amino acids into cells.

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15
Q

TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T4 and T3.

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16
Q

ACTH - Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

17
Q

FSH - folicle stimulating hormone

A

stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production.

18
Q

LH - lutinizing hormone

A

causes ovulation and secretion of testosterone in testes.

19
Q

PRL - Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production by mammary glands.

20
Q

Cortisol

A

CRH hypothalamic hormone. Then ACTH anterior pituitary hormone. Which causes stimulation of adrenal cortex. Cortisol goes to many tissues.
This is the one that suppresses immune system when we wake up and during times of stress.

21
Q

Sex steroids

A

Sex steroids, also known as gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors.

22
Q

Mineralcorticosteroids

A

FIND

23
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

FIND

24
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Secretes T4 and T3 which set BMR and are needed for growth development.

25
Q

Follicle cells

A

outer layer of thyroid follicles that synthesize T4

26
Q

Thyroxine - T4

A

Increase BMR. sympathetic mimicking. increases heart rate. Crucial role in normal CNS activity in adults.

27
Q

Trooodothyronine - T3

A

Major biologically active form.

Increase BMR. sympathetic mimicking. increases heart rate. Crucial role in normal CNS activity in adults.

28
Q

Hypersecretion

A

exaggerates a hormone’s effects and can produce side effects - can be due to benign tumors (adenomas) or cancerous tumors of endocrine glands.

29
Q

Hyposecretion

A

diminishes or eliminates a hormone’s effect.

Can be due to destruction of the glands i.e. autoimmune attack.

30
Q

Hashimoto’s disease - hypothyroidism

A

hyposecretion of thyroid, due to autoantibodies that bind to and activate the TSH receptor.

31
Q

Grave’s Disease - hyperthyroidism

A

hypersecretion of thyroid, due to autoantibodies that bind to and activate the TSH receptor.

32
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

hypersecretion of cortisol

33
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Hyposecretion of cortisol

34
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type I - Juvenile diabetes - IDDM

A

hyposecretion of insulin

35
Q

Reactive hypoglycemia

A

hypersecretion of insulin

36
Q

Myxedema

A

(inadequate T4 and T3 = hypothyroid)

puffy face, hands, feet

37
Q

Cretenism

A

(inadequate T4 and T3 = hypothyroid during development)

severe mental retardation

38
Q

Exopthalmos

A

is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.

Characterization of Grave’s disease.

Physiology (26 decks)

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