Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
The _____ is a series of highly branched passage ways that conduct air to the structures for gas exchange.
Respiratory tract
The _____ respiratory tract goes from the nose to the pharynx.
upper
The ____ respiratory tract runs from the larynx to the alveoli.
lower
The _____ of the lungs rest on the diaphragm.
base
The ____ of the lungs is sightly superior and posterior to the clavicles.
apex
The ____ of the lungs is on the mediastinal surface where bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and nerves enter.
hilum
The ____ are organs composed of tiny air sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange occurs.
lungs
Which lung is larger?
the right lung
_____ pleura is the outer layer of the pleural membrane and lines the interior of the thoracic cavity and superior surface of the diaphragm.
Parietal
____ pleura is the inner layer of pleural membrane that adheres to the lungs.
visceral
_____ is the space between parietal and visceral membranes and is filled with serous fluid.
pleural cavity
_____ is the air filled space within the skull that filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air.
nasal cavity
______ is the bony processes that curl into the nasal cavity from the lateral walls creating passage ways _____ through the nasal cavity.
Nasal conchae
meatuses
______ membrane line most of the respiratory tract.
mucous
The mucous membrane is composed of what 5 things.
mucous epithelium basement membrane goblet cells lamina propria
Lamina propria is composed of _____ connective tissue.
areolar CT
Goblet cells secrete ______.
mucous
_________ are air filled cavities within the skull bones surrounding the nasal cavity
paranasal sinueses
______ is the passageway between the nasal cavity and larynx.
pharynx
The three parts of the pharynx.
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with ______.
stratified squamous
_____ is the cartilage framed enlargement at the top of the trachea which houses the vocal cords.
larynx
The _____ is a flap like structure that closes when swallowing.
epiglottis
The _____ within the larynx supports the vocal chords.
arytenoid cartilage
All larynx cartilages are ______ except the epiglottis which is made of ______ cartilage.
hyaline
elastic
False vocal cords (________) are the upper folds that do not produce sound.
vestibular folds
True vocal cords (_______) are the lower folds that produce sound.
vocal folds
The ______ is the opening between the vocal folds.
rima glottidis
The _____ extends from the larynx downward, anterior to the esophagus, into the thoracic cavity.
trachea
The trachea branches into the _____.
right and left main bronchi
The trachea contains approximately 20 C shaped rings of _____.
hyaline cartilage
_____ contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium
mucosa
The _____ contains areolar tissue, blood vessels, nerve endings, serous and mucous glands, lymphatic tissue and cartilage.
submucosa
Adventitia is composed of _____.
elastic connective tissue
The ____ bronchioles are the smallest of air conducting tubes.
terminal
The ____ bronchioles are small branches off of terminal bronchioles that have alveoli in their walls.
respiratory
_____ are part of the respiratory bronchioles made only of alveoli.
alveoloar ducts
The _____ are teh terminal structures of respiratory tract where gases are exchanged with blood.
alveoli
Alveoli consist of _____ epithelium.
simple squamous
The epithelium gets progressively ____ moving from nose to alveoli.
thinner
Nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, inferior portion of larynx, main bronchi and lobar bronchi are lined with ______.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Segmental bronchi, smaller bronchi, and large bronchioles
are lined with ______.
simple ciliated columnar
Terminal and respiratory bronchioles are lined with ______.
simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
Alveolar ducts and alveoli are made of _____.
simple squamous epithelium
______ are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and contain smooth muscle.
bronchioles
_____ is the movement of air into the lungs.
inspiration
_____ and diaphragm muscles contract causing the expansion of the lungs. Air is pulled into the lungs
external intercostals
____ inspiration requires five musches.
forced
i.e. pectoralis minor
____ is movement of air out of the lungs.
expiration
_____ and diaphragm relax allowing the lungs to recoil due to elastic fibers. Air is forced out of the lungs.
external intercostals
____ expiration requires five other muscles, which includes: internal intercostals, external obliques.
forced
_____ volumes measure volume of air exchanged with each inhalation and expiration
Respiratory volumes
_____ is a normal inhalation or exhalation. Normal for men and women?
Tidal volume
Male = 500 ml
Female 500 ml
______ is the amount of air forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal inhalation. Normal for men and women?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Male = 3000 ml
Female = 1900 ml
_____ is the amount of air forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation. Normal for men and women?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Male = 1200 ml
Female 700 ml
____ is the amount of air still left in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is forced out. Normal for men and womens?
Residual Volume
Male = 1200 ml
Female = 1100 ml
_____ is the sum of two or more respiratory volumes.
respiratory capacties
Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume =
Inspiratory Capacity
Male = 3600 ml
Female 2400 ml
_____ is the max amount of air inhaled after a tidal exhalation.
inspiratory capacity
Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume =
Functional residual volume
Male = 2400 ml
Female = 1800 ml
______ is the volume of air remaining in lungs after a tidal exhalation.
Functional Residual Capacity
Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume =
Vital Capacity
Male 4800 ml
Female 3100 ml
_____ is the total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation.
vital capacity
Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Residual Volume =
Total lung capacity
Male = 6000 ml
Female = 4200 ml
____ is the total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation plus the air still remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
total lung capacity
_____ filter blood of waste.
kidneys
____ transports liquid waste from kidneys to bladder (10 inches long)
ureters
____ is the muscular sac that stores up to 1 liter of urine.
urinary bladder
____ is how urine leaves the bladder and body.
urethra
____ are two symmetrical, bean shaped, reddish-brown organs
kidneys
The right kidney is about ___ lower than the left due to the liver.
2 cm
The kidney has a _____ made of dense irregular connective tissue.
fibrous capsule
In the kidney, the ___ is the concave medial border, where the renal aretery and vein, nerves and ureters connect to kidney.
hilum
The superior ends of the ureters expand to form a funnel shaped sac within the hilum called the ____.
renal pelvis
The renal pelvis branches into a few larger tubes called ____.
major calyces
singular calyx
The major calyces branch into the smaller tubes called ____.
minor calyces
The two regions of the kidney.
renal medulla
renal cortex
The nephrons are found in the ____.
renal cortex
The functional filtration units of the kidneys are called ____.
nephrons
Nephrons contain renal corpuscle and ___.
renal tubule
Urine formation starts in the ____.
glomerulus (renal corpuscle)
Blood enter the glomerulus through the _____ arteriole and exits through the ____ arteriole.
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
Water and certain substances are filtered out of the glomerulus and into the ______.
glomerular capsule
The ____ is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of ______ (octopus like cell that wraps around the glomerular capillaries)
glomerulus
podocytes
Thin _____ allow filtrate leaving the capillary through the _____ into the capsular space.
filtration slits
fenestrations
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is important to _____ regulation and filtrate formation.
blood pressure
The juxtaglomerular apparatus contains ____ cells and macula densa.
granular cell
____ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole.
granular cells
