Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
The _____ is a series of highly branched passage ways that conduct air to the structures for gas exchange.
Respiratory tract
The _____ respiratory tract goes from the nose to the pharynx.
upper
The ____ respiratory tract runs from the larynx to the alveoli.
lower
The _____ of the lungs rest on the diaphragm.
base
The ____ of the lungs is sightly superior and posterior to the clavicles.
apex
The ____ of the lungs is on the mediastinal surface where bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and nerves enter.
hilum
The ____ are organs composed of tiny air sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange occurs.
lungs
Which lung is larger?
the right lung
_____ pleura is the outer layer of the pleural membrane and lines the interior of the thoracic cavity and superior surface of the diaphragm.
Parietal
____ pleura is the inner layer of pleural membrane that adheres to the lungs.
visceral
_____ is the space between parietal and visceral membranes and is filled with serous fluid.
pleural cavity
_____ is the air filled space within the skull that filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air.
nasal cavity
______ is the bony processes that curl into the nasal cavity from the lateral walls creating passage ways _____ through the nasal cavity.
Nasal conchae
meatuses
______ membrane line most of the respiratory tract.
mucous
The mucous membrane is composed of what 5 things.
mucous epithelium basement membrane goblet cells lamina propria
Lamina propria is composed of _____ connective tissue.
areolar CT
Goblet cells secrete ______.
mucous
_________ are air filled cavities within the skull bones surrounding the nasal cavity
paranasal sinueses
______ is the passageway between the nasal cavity and larynx.
pharynx
The three parts of the pharynx.
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with ______.
stratified squamous
_____ is the cartilage framed enlargement at the top of the trachea which houses the vocal cords.
larynx
The _____ is a flap like structure that closes when swallowing.
epiglottis
The _____ within the larynx supports the vocal chords.
arytenoid cartilage
All larynx cartilages are ______ except the epiglottis which is made of ______ cartilage.
hyaline
elastic
False vocal cords (________) are the upper folds that do not produce sound.
vestibular folds
True vocal cords (_______) are the lower folds that produce sound.
vocal folds
The ______ is the opening between the vocal folds.
rima glottidis
The _____ extends from the larynx downward, anterior to the esophagus, into the thoracic cavity.
trachea
The trachea branches into the _____.
right and left main bronchi
The trachea contains approximately 20 C shaped rings of _____.
hyaline cartilage
_____ contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium
mucosa
The _____ contains areolar tissue, blood vessels, nerve endings, serous and mucous glands, lymphatic tissue and cartilage.
submucosa
Adventitia is composed of _____.
elastic connective tissue
The ____ bronchioles are the smallest of air conducting tubes.
terminal
The ____ bronchioles are small branches off of terminal bronchioles that have alveoli in their walls.
respiratory
_____ are part of the respiratory bronchioles made only of alveoli.
alveoloar ducts
The _____ are teh terminal structures of respiratory tract where gases are exchanged with blood.
alveoli
Alveoli consist of _____ epithelium.
simple squamous
The epithelium gets progressively ____ moving from nose to alveoli.
thinner
Nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, inferior portion of larynx, main bronchi and lobar bronchi are lined with ______.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Segmental bronchi, smaller bronchi, and large bronchioles
are lined with ______.
simple ciliated columnar
Terminal and respiratory bronchioles are lined with ______.
simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
Alveolar ducts and alveoli are made of _____.
simple squamous epithelium
______ are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and contain smooth muscle.
bronchioles
_____ is the movement of air into the lungs.
inspiration
_____ and diaphragm muscles contract causing the expansion of the lungs. Air is pulled into the lungs
external intercostals
____ inspiration requires five musches.
forced
i.e. pectoralis minor
____ is movement of air out of the lungs.
expiration
_____ and diaphragm relax allowing the lungs to recoil due to elastic fibers. Air is forced out of the lungs.
external intercostals
____ expiration requires five other muscles, which includes: internal intercostals, external obliques.
forced
_____ volumes measure volume of air exchanged with each inhalation and expiration
Respiratory volumes
_____ is a normal inhalation or exhalation. Normal for men and women?
Tidal volume
Male = 500 ml
Female 500 ml
______ is the amount of air forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal inhalation. Normal for men and women?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Male = 3000 ml
Female = 1900 ml
_____ is the amount of air forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation. Normal for men and women?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Male = 1200 ml
Female 700 ml
____ is the amount of air still left in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is forced out. Normal for men and womens?
Residual Volume
Male = 1200 ml
Female = 1100 ml
_____ is the sum of two or more respiratory volumes.
respiratory capacties
Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume =
Inspiratory Capacity
Male = 3600 ml
Female 2400 ml
_____ is the max amount of air inhaled after a tidal exhalation.
inspiratory capacity
Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume =
Functional residual volume
Male = 2400 ml
Female = 1800 ml
______ is the volume of air remaining in lungs after a tidal exhalation.
Functional Residual Capacity
Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume =
Vital Capacity
Male 4800 ml
Female 3100 ml
_____ is the total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation.
vital capacity
Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume + Residual Volume =
Total lung capacity
Male = 6000 ml
Female = 4200 ml
____ is the total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation plus the air still remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
total lung capacity
_____ filter blood of waste.
kidneys
____ transports liquid waste from kidneys to bladder (10 inches long)
ureters
____ is the muscular sac that stores up to 1 liter of urine.
urinary bladder
____ is how urine leaves the bladder and body.
urethra
____ are two symmetrical, bean shaped, reddish-brown organs
kidneys
The right kidney is about ___ lower than the left due to the liver.
2 cm
The kidney has a _____ made of dense irregular connective tissue.
fibrous capsule
In the kidney, the ___ is the concave medial border, where the renal aretery and vein, nerves and ureters connect to kidney.
hilum
The superior ends of the ureters expand to form a funnel shaped sac within the hilum called the ____.
renal pelvis
The renal pelvis branches into a few larger tubes called ____.
major calyces
singular calyx
The major calyces branch into the smaller tubes called ____.
minor calyces
The two regions of the kidney.
renal medulla
renal cortex
The nephrons are found in the ____.
renal cortex
The functional filtration units of the kidneys are called ____.
nephrons
Nephrons contain renal corpuscle and ___.
renal tubule
Urine formation starts in the ____.
glomerulus (renal corpuscle)
Blood enter the glomerulus through the _____ arteriole and exits through the ____ arteriole.
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
Water and certain substances are filtered out of the glomerulus and into the ______.
glomerular capsule
The ____ is the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of ______ (octopus like cell that wraps around the glomerular capillaries)
glomerulus
podocytes
Thin _____ allow filtrate leaving the capillary through the _____ into the capsular space.
filtration slits
fenestrations
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is important to _____ regulation and filtrate formation.
blood pressure
The juxtaglomerular apparatus contains ____ cells and macula densa.
granular cell
____ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole.
granular cells
____ is modified epithelial cells in the DCT where it contacts the granular cells.
Macula densa
Filtrate travels through the _____ and into the nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule
The ____ contains a descending and ascending limb
nephron loop
The nephron loop flows into the ______, which carries the urine to the collecting duct.
distal convoluted tubule
____ nephrons are renal corpuscles near the peripheral edge with a short nephron loop barely enters medulla.
cortical
____ nephrons are renal corpuscles near medullary border of cortex with a long nephron loop extending deep into the medulla.
juxtamedullary
The ureters have three tunics
mucosa
muscularis
adventitia
Muscularis is made of ___.
smooth muscle
The _____ of the ureter is formed by transitional epithelium and lamina propria.
mucosa
The four tunics of the urinary bladder.
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia
In the urinary bladder the mucosa is made of ____.
transitional tissue
The submucosa of the urinary bladder is made of _____.
dense irregular CT
The muscularis of the urinary bladder is the ____ muscle.
detrusor
The urinary bladder contains a triangular area called the ____.
trigone
In the urinary bladder each corner of the trigone has openings; two where the ____ enter the bladder and one that extends down into the ___.
ureters
urethra
The internal urethral sphincter is ____, smooth muscle.
involuntary
The external urethral sphincter is ____, skeletal muscle.
voluntary
The female urethra is ___ cm long and the male urethra is 19 cm long.
4cm
Urine is composed of ___% water and 5% solutes.
95%
The average daily volume of urine is ____ L, minimum of 0.5 L.
1-2 L
The pH of urine ranges from _____ and the average is a pH of 6.0
4.5 - 8.0
Normal specific gravity (density) of urine is ______.
1.003-1.035
A specific gravity below 1.010 indicates ____.
hydrated
A specific gravity above 1.020 indicates _____.
dehydrated
The color of urine can range from clear to dark yellow, dependent upon concentration of _____.
urobilin
____ of urine is due to bacteria, cellular material and proteins, crystalizations of salts, and vaginal secretions.
turbidity
Urinoid is the ___ of urine, ammonia smell if bacteria present, fruity if ketones from fatty acid metabolism present.
normal smell
A ____ is a rapid and simple assay that can reveal significant physiological problems.
urinalysis
A high pH could result in a person who has been vomiting excessively, a person with a urinary tract infection, or _____.
kidney failure
A low pH could result from diarrhea, ketoacidosis or ___.
starvation.
____ in the urine is not a normal occurrence and could indicate an infection, renal trauma, cancer, kidney stones, or be the result of several other causes.
blood
______ are not normally found in urine, and are generally associated with UTI
leukocytes
____ in urine is a good indicator that the patient has a UTI.
nitrates
____ is normally found in urine in low concentrations. Persistent higher concentrations of protein in urine can indicate kidney failure or other serious disease, but can also be caused by menstruation and vigorous exerices.
protein
____ is not a normal constituent of urine, as it is normally metabolized by the liver. Therefore the appearance in the urine can be an indicator of liver disease or bile duct obstruction.
billirubin
_____ are not normal constituents of urine, but can occur in patients who have experienced frequent vomiting, diarrhea, pregnancy, or have digestive distrubances. High levels are a good indicator of diabetic ketoacidosis.
ketones
_____ is not a normal constituent of urine and high levels indicate diabetes.
glucose
____ is normal up to 1 mg/dl, but elevated levers of urobilin can indicate liver disease or bile duct obstruction, but can be associated with UTIs.
urobilinogen
The ____ canal is a muscular tube about 30 feet in length that digests and absorbs food.
alimentary canal
_____ organs aid in the digestive functions.
accessory organs
GI tract wall is composed of 4 layers.
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
The GI tract wall muscularis is composed of two layers of ___.
smooth muscle
The submuscosa of the GI tract wall is composed of areolar and ____.
dense irregular ct
The serosa is composed of ____.
areolar ct
The ____ initiates chemical and mechanical digestion.
oral cavity
The ____ is the area between the teeth/gums and lips
vestibule
The ___ is the roof of the mouth.
palate
The ___ is made of enamel and projects beyond the gums.
crown
The gums are called the ____.
gingiva
the ___ anchors the tooth to the jaw.
root
The tooth is held to jaw bones by ______.
periodontal ligaments
___ forms mass of tooth, similar to bone
dentin
____ is the connective tissue in the center of tooth.
pulp
The ___ gland is anterior/inferior to each ear and secretes amylase.
parotid
The ____ gland is on the floor of the mouth, inferior to tongue and secretes mucus.
sublingual
The parotid gland is made of ____ cells.
serous
The sublingual gland is made of ____ cells.
mucous
The _____ gland is on the floor of the mouth, inside the surface of lower jaw.
submandibular
The submandibular gland secretes ______ and is made of both serous and mucous cells.
salivary amylase
mucous
The ______ is a ring of smooth muscle between pharynx and esophagus.
superior esophageal sphincter
_____ is a ring of smooth muscle between esophagus and stomach.
inferior esophageal sphincter
The mucosa of the esophageal walls is made of _____.
stratified squamous
The order of the small intestines in order from stomach to large intestines.
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
Largest part of small intestines
ileum
Smallest part of small intestines
duodenum
The ____ is the fan shaped folds of perioteneum that suspends jejunum and ileum from posterior abdominal wall.
messentery proper
_____ is a layer of fat that covers most of the abdominal organs.
Greater omentum
____ produces bile to emulsify fats.
liver
____ stores bile.
gallbladder
The _____ extends horizontally across the posterior abdominal wall (behind the stomach).
pancreas
The ____ secretes pancreatic juices for digestion and hormones to aide in endocrine function.
pancreas
The ____ lies next to sacrum and follows its curvature past the coccyx.
rectum
The ____ forms the last 2.5 - 4 cm of large intestines.
anal canal
The ____ is the opening of the anal canal , contains the internal (________) and external (_______) sphincters.
anus
involuntary
voluntary
The somatic cells contain ___ of chromosomes.
23 pairs = 46 chromosomes
There are __ pairs of autosomes.
22
____ contain genes that code for cellular functions as well as human characteristics (eye color, hair color, height).
autosomes
Chromosomes that contain the same genes are _____.
homologous
1 pair of _____ chromosomes. Girls are XX and boys are ____.
sex
XY
Within each pair of chromosomes their is one chromosome from the ____ and 1 chromosome from the _____.
mother and father
Somatic cells replicate and divide through _____.
mitosis
____ cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
diploid cells
Phases of mitosis
interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase 2 identical daughter cells
Two nuclei reform poles
telophase
chromosomes align with their centromeres on the equator and attach to the spindle
metaphase
chromatids of each chromosome separate into daughter chromosomes and move to opposite poles
anaphase
dna replication
interphase
Sex cells replicate and divide through ____
meiosis
___ divides teh cells only once.
mitosis
___ divides teh cells twice.
meiosis
_____ produces 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical.
mitosis
_____ produces 4 daughter cells that are genetically different.
meiosis
_____ produces daughter cells that are diploid.
mitosis
_____ produces daughter cells that are haploid (contains 23 chromosomes)
meiosis
____ includes a process called crossing over where genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes.
meiosis
In ___ the nucleus dissolves and replicated DNA condenses.
prophase
Chromosomes form a double line on either side of the equator instead of lining up on the equator in ____ during metaphase
meiosis
_____ is the random alignment of homologous chromosomes.
independent assortment
____ of meiosis II does not contain crossing over.
prophase
____ sister chromatids separated.
anaphase
_____ is the maturation of primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte.
oogenesis
Of the four daughter cells produced, only ___ fully matures.
one
______ production of sperm.
spermatogenesis
_____ is the transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to child.
heredity
_____ are discrete units of DNA that provide the instructions for the production of specific proteins.
genes
___ is the location of the gene on a strand of DNA
locus
____ are variants of one gene (you inherit a combination of two from your parents)
alleles
____ alleles are expressed while recessive alleles are masked.
dominant
____ alleles are only expressed if present on both homologous chromosomes.
recessive
If alleles are identical the individual is said to be ______.
homozygous
If alleles are not identical (a person contains both a dominant and a recessive allele for the same gene) the individual is said to be _____.
heterozygous
_____ is the box used to sort out the inheritance patterns.
punnet squares
If either the father of mother contains both dominant alleles there is a ____% chance the children will have brown eyes.
100%
______ is the genetic make up of an individual.
genotype
_____ is the physical expression of the genotype.
pheontype
______ is when the dominant allele is always expressed in the phenotype, regardless of whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait. Not all inherited traits follow this simple pattern but instead involve the interaction of multiple genes
strict dominant recessive inheritance
_____ is when the phenotype of heterozygous alleles is intermediate between the homozygous dominant or recessive allele
incomplete dominance
_____ is when two or more alleles appear to be equally dominant.
codominant
______ is when a ~ phenotype of heterozygous alleles is intermediate between the homozygous dominant or recessive allele. It can have three phenotypes.
incomplete dominance
homozygous dominant
homozygous recessive
heterozygous
Sickle cell is an ____ dominant trait.
incomplete
Normal hemoglobin is represented by ____. Abnormal hemoglobin is represented by ___.
A a AA - normal erythrocytes Aa - sickle cell carrier aa - exhibit sickle cell anemia
____ is when two or more alleles appear to be equally dominant.
codominant
Blood types A and B are ____.
codominant
Blood type O is ____.
recessive
______ is when multiple genes interact to produce a phenotypic trait. Genes could be on same chromosome or on different chromosomes.
polygenic inheritance
_____ traits are expressed by genes on the X or Y chromosomes.
sex linked
X chromosomes contain ____ genes, most not involved in sex determination.
900-1400
Y chromosome contains ____ genes, most code for male specific development.
70-200
____ recessive traits always expressed in males, only expressed by females if recessive allele found on both X chromosomes. Females tend to be carriers if they have only one recessive allele.
x linked
sex linked trait punnet square
??
The environment can influence genetic traits, especially during _____ and _____ development.
embryonic and fetal
Radiation, drugs, virsuses or alcohol and potential cause harm to the fetus and interfere with its normal _____.
phenotypic development
______ is characterized by mental retardation and distinctive facial features.
fetal alcohol syndrome
Poor nutrition may also affect brain development and _____ after birth.
growth patterns.
