Chapter 23 Flashcards
____ are respiratory tracts that move air from atmosphere to alveoli and back.
air passageway
_______ is where oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to alveoli.
site for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
The olfactory receptors are located in the superior region of the nasal cavity and are responsible for _____.
detection of odors
Vocal cords are responsible for sound production and sinuses for sound ____.
resonation
The _____ zone consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (nose to end of terminal bronchioles). These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs.
conducting
The ____ zone consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. The area contains structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood.
respiratory
____ is produced by the mucous and serous glands located in the lamina propria of respiratory mucosa (and goblet cells).
mucus
4 components of mucus
- mucin
- lysozyme
- defensins
- immunoglobins
_____ is protein that increases mucus viscosity; which traps more inhaled dust, dirt particles, microorganisms and pollen.
mucin
____ are the antibacterial enzyme contained in mucus.
lysozymes
____ are the antimicrobial proteins in mucus.
defensins
______ are a component of mucus.
immunoglobins - IgA
____ region contains olfactory epithelium.
olfactory region
The superior region in the nasal cavity is called the _____ region.
olfactory
Airborne chemicals dissolve in mucus to simulate ____ receptors in the olfactory region.
olfactory
_____ region has extensive vascular network.
respiratory
Because the respiratory region has an extensive vascular network, nosebleeds are common due to the superficial nature, referred to as _____.
epistaxis
_____ is immediately internal to the nostrils.
nasal vestibule
The nasal vestibule is immediately internal to nostrils which contain course hairs called ______ to trap large particulates.
vibrissae
______ are composed of elastic connective tissue which extends from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages.
vocal ligaments
Vocal ligaments covered in mucosa form ______.
vocal folds
____ also extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages, and to the corniculate cartilages.
vestibular ligaments
Vestibular ligaments covered with mucosa form ______.
vestibular folds
Skeletal muscles within the larynx cause ____ cartilages to pivot resulting in a change to the dimension of the rim glottides.
arytenoid
The conducting zone extends from the ____ to the ____.
nose to the terminal bronchioles
The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli are considered part of the ____ zone.
respiratory
Nosebleeds occur in what region of the nasal cavity?
respiratory zone
_____ receptors can be found in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
smelling
Vocal ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the _____ aril ages.
arytenoid
Pivoting of the arytenoid cartilages changes the dimension of the _____.
rima glottidis
______ is air forced past vocal cords during expiration while intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow opening of rims glottidis.
sound production
Characteristics of sound include: range, loudness, and ____.
pitch.
_____ is determined by length and thickness of vocal folds.
range
A range goes from soprano to ____.
bass
____ is determined by the amount of tension on vocal folds.
pitch
Increased pitch results in an ______ in tension of the vocal folds.
increased
The ___ of sound waves determines pitch.
frequency
Loudness is determined by force of air passing across _____.
vocal cords
Speech requires participation of pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, ______ and ______.
teeth and tongue
Two cell types form the alveolar wall; ______ and _______.
type I cell
type II cell
Type I cells are also called ______ cells.
squamous alveolar
Type II cells are also called _____.
septal cells
_____ cells make up approximately 95% of alveolar surface area.
Type I
Type I cells form the thin walls that make the _____.
alveoli.
The internal surface of the alveolar walysare moist, making the alveoli prone to ____ due to surface tension.
collapse
Type II cells secret ______ surfactant.
pulmonary
_____ is oily fluid that coats the inner alveolar surface.
pulmonary surfactant
Surfactant molecules tightly pack together during expiration to keep alveoli from ____.
collapsing
Alveolar macrophages are also called ____.
dust cells.
The alveolar cells include; type I cells, type II cells, and ____.
alveolar macrophages
_____ engulf microorganisms or particulate material that reach alveoli.
alveolar macrophages
The _____ is a thin barrier that oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across during gas exchange int he lungs.
respiratory membrane
The respiratory membrane consists of two _____ that are fused.
basement membranes
One basement membrane of the respiratory membrane consists of ________.
alveolar epithelium
One basement membrane of the respiratory membrane consists of ______.
capillary endothelium
The _____ conducts blood to and from the alveoli within the lungs to replenish oxygen level and get rid of carbon dioxide.
pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary circuit contains the pulmonary trunk, arteries, and ____.
veins
The pulmonary circuit starts from the right ventricle of the heart and ends at the _______.
left atrium of the heart.
Bronchial circulation is a component of the ____ circuit that transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs.
systemic
Bronchial arteries branch from the _____.
descending thoracic aorta
Bronchial veins drain into _____.
superior vena cava
Some of the oxygenated blood drains into pulmonary veins, thus blood exiting lungs is slightly less oxygenated than the blood immediately leaving get the ______.
pulmonary capillaries
What type of alveolar cells secretes surfactant to keep lungs from collapsing?
type II
What is the difference between the pulmonary and bronchial circulations to the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation is taking oxygen poor blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange between blood and atmosphere.
Bronchial circulation is taking oxygen rich blood to tissue of lungs where blood returns oxygen poor to the superior vena cava or mixes with blood in the pulmonary veins heading back to the heart.
Lung inflation occurs due to expanding properties of the chest wall and because of the _______.
recoiling properties of the lungs
Surface tension caused by serous fluid within the pleural cavity causes lungs to ‘cling’ to the internal surface of the chest wall causing _____.
chest wall expantion
Elastic fibers within lungs are stretched when lungs expand, but naturally want to ____ pulling the lungs back in.
recoil
______ is generated due to suction action of surface tension and recoiling elastic fibers.
Intrapleural pressue
____ (within lungs) is greater than intrapleural pressure.
Intrapulmonary pressure
___ pressure keeps lungs inflated.
intrapulmonary
______ is also referred to as breathing.
pulmonary ventilation
______ is the movement of respiratory gases between atmosphere and alveoli of lungs.
pulmonary ventilation
______ exchange of respiratory gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
external respiration
_____ is the transport of respiratory gases within the blood between the lungs and systemic cells of the body.
gas transport
______ is the exchange of respiratory gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the systemic cells of the body.
internal respiration
The first four steps of the respiratory process involve the movement of ____ and the last four steps of the respiratory process involve the movement of ____.
oxygen
carbon dioxide
The 1st four steps of the respiratory process
- breath in air containing O2
- O2 moves into the blood
- Blood containing O2
- O2 moves into systemic cells
The last four steps of the respiratory process
- CO2 moves into blood
- Blood containing CO2
- CO2 moves into the alveoli
- Air containing CO2
_____ dimension changes as a result of movement of the diaphragm.
vertical
_____ dimension changes occur when rib cage is elevated or visa versa, rib cage depresses.
lateral
_____ dimension changes occur as inferior portion of the sternum moves anteriorly, or posteriorly.
anterior-posterior
Thoracic cavity dimensions change because of ______ and _______.
inspiration and expiration
The thoracic cavity expands during ______.
inspiration
The thoracic cavity contracts during _____.
expiration
Chest wall and lungs expand during _____.
inspiration
The diaphragm contracts (flattens) during ____.
inspiration.
The diaphragm relaxes during _____.
expiration.
During inspiration ribs are _____ and the thoracic cavity ____.
elevated
widens
During expiration ribs are ____ and the thoracic cavity _______.
depressed
narrows
The inferior portion of the sternum moves ______ during inspiration.
anteriorly
The inferior portion of the sternum moves _____ during expiration.
posteriorly
What is intrapleural pressure?
The pressure within the pleural cavity
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
The pressure within the lungs
What are the four respiratory processes?
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration
Vertical dimension changes occur due to the contraction of the ______.
diaphragm
Lateral dimension changes occur due to the contraction of the _____.
rib cage
Anterior-posterior dimension changes occur due to the movement of the ____.
sternum.
Volume changes in the thoracic cavity cause gas pressure _____ in the thoracic cavity.
changes
At a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container _____ is referred to as boil’s law.
increases
Pressure decreases as volume ____ according boyle’s law.
increases
Pressure increases as volume ______ according to Boyle’s law.
decreases
Boyle’s gas law states that air moves to where there is _____.
less pressure
_____ is the pressure gases in the air exert in the environment.
atmospheric pressure
____ lbs per square inch =’s 1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 mm Hg
14.7
The air thins with increased altitude (aka _______).
lower atmospheric pressure
_____ is the collective volume of the alveoli within the lungs.
alveolar volume
_____ volume is associated with intrapulmonary pressure (pressure within alveoli).
alveolar
____ is pressure exerted within the pleural cavity.
intrapleural pressure
____ pressure is always slightly lower than intrapulmonary pressure so lungs stay inflated. (____ mm Hg).
Intrapleural pressure
756 mm Hg
_____ during quiet inspiration both intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are at ____ mm Hg prior to inspiration.
Initially
760
Intrapleural pressure slightly lower at ___ mm Hg.
756
During quiet inspiration the diaphragm and external intercostals ______ pulling open the thoracic cavity.
contract
During quiet inspiration pleural cavity volume increases and intrapleural pressure _____ to 754 mm Hg.
decreases
During quiet inspiration surface tensions plus lungs open causing a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure to _____ mm Hg.
759
During quiet inspiration, we inspire ____ of air.
500 mL
At sea level, how much is atmospheric pressure?
760 mm Hg
Why is intrapleural pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure?
So that the lungs stay inflated
During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals contract, pulling the thoracic cavity open. What happens to intrapleural pressure? What does this cause.
It decreases to 754 mm Hg
The pulling open of the lungs, decreasing the intrapulmonary pressure to 759 mm Hg causing air to flow int the lungs
During quiet expiration, ____, both intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are at ___ mm Hg prior to expiration.
760 mm Gh
Intrapleural pressure is slightly lower at ____ mm Hg.
754
Diaphragm and external intercostals relax ____ thoracic cavity volume.
decreasing
During quiet expiration, the pleural cavity volume decreases and the intrapleural pressure ____ to ____ mm Hg.
increases
756 mm Hg
Elastic recoil pulls lungs closed causing an increase in ______ pressure to _____ mm Hg.
intrapulmonary pressure
761 mm Hg
Air is ___ the alveoli to the atmosphere.
forced out
4 Steps of Quiet Inspiration & Expiration
- Intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure ( atm and intrapulmonary = 760 & intrapleural = 756)
- Intrapulmonary pressure becomes less than atmospheric pressure; air flows in (at = 760, intrapulmonary = 759, intrapleural = 754)
- Intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg & the intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg)
- Intrapulmonary pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure; airflows out (atm = 760, Intrapleural = 756, Intrapulmonary 761)
The respiratory system is innervated by the ______.
autonomic nervous system
The sympathetic, _____ spinal nerves control bronchodilation.
T1-T5
The parasympathetic, ____ nerve controls bronchoconstriciton.
vagus (X)
Autonomic nuclei within the brainstem
?
The nervous control of breathing in the medulla oblongata occurs within the _____ and ______.
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
The Pons is also involved in the nervous control of breathing in the _____ center.
pneumotaxic
Upper motor neurons from the _____ synapse with lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. These lower motor neurons include the phrenic nerves and the ____ nerves.
VRG
intercostal nerves
____ nerves innervate the diaphragm.
Phrenic
____ nerves innervated the intercostal muscles.
Intercostal
____ are the primary sensory receptors involved in altering breathing.
chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors monitor fluctuations in both ___ concentrations as well as respiratory gases (Pco2 and Po2) in both the ____ and blood.
H+
CSF and blood
Chemoreceptors in the _____ are central chemoreceptors.
brain
Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the _____ and the _____.
aortic arch and the carotid arteries
Peripheral chemoreceptors detect increased CO2, increased H+, and _____.
decreased O2.
Central chemoreceptors are located within the _____.
medulla oblongata
____ chemoreceptors monitor pH changes in CSF induced by changes in blood PCO2.
Central
The _____ chemoreceptors, aortic bodies, send signals to the DRG through _____.
peripheral
CN IX
The ____ chemoreceptors, carotid bodies, send signals to the DRG through _____.
peripheral
CN X
____ chemoreceptors detect changes in both H+ and Pco2 concentrations within arterial blood.
Peripheral
An ____ in H+ and Pco2 concentrations within arterial blood could be caused by either kidney failure or diabetes mellitus.
increase
Peripheral chemoreceptors can also be stimulated by larges changes in blood ____.
Po2
_____ are located within joints and muscles, stimulated by body movement, and causes an increase in breathing ____.
proprioceptors
depth
_____ are located in the visceral pleura and smooth muscle of bronchiole, stimulated by stretching, and inhibits inspiration activities (keeps lungs from over expanding).
Baroreceptors
_______ are located within the respiratory passageways, stimulated by dust and other particulates, and imitate sneezing and coughing relaxes.
Irritant receptors
During quiet expiration, why does the intrapulmonary pressure increase?
b/c of the decrease in alveolar volume, recoil of the elastic fibers
What are the two respiratory centers within the medulla.
VRG - ventral respiratory group
DRG - dorsal respiratory group
What two lower motor neurons can be stimulated from the upper motor neuron stemming from the VRG?
Phrenic (diaphragm) and intercostal nerves
Central chemoreceptors monitor what in the CSF?
H+ concentrations
Peripheral chemoreceptors monitor what in the blood?
H+ and PCO2, or large changes in PO2
What other types of receptors can trigger an change in respiration?
Proprioceptors
baroreceptors
irritant receptors
____ is the rate of quiet breathing.
Eupnea
Rate of Eupnea is ___ second inspiration, ___ second expiration, and 12 breaths per minute.
2 second inspiration
3 second expiration
Rate of quiet breathing, Eupnea, only requires ___% of total body energy expenditure.
5%
Change in ___ is the altering amount of time spent in both inspiration and expiration.
rate
Change in ___ is the stimulation of accessory muscles, which results in greater thoracic volume changes.
depth
The most important stimulus affecting breathing rate and depth is blood _____ levels.
Picot levels
___ is the absence of breathing.
Apnea
Apnea occurs during swallowing, holding breath, drug-induced (anesthesia), or _____ disease or trauma.
neurologic
____ is the amount of air that moves into/out of respiratory tract with each breath.
airflow
Airflow is affected by pressure gradient and _____.
resistance.
______ is the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure.
pressure gradient
The pressure gradient can be changed by altering the volume of the ____.
thoracic cavity
_____ are the factors that make it more difficult to move air from atmosphere through respiratory passageway into alveoli.
resistance
An example of _____ is a decrease in elasticity of the chest wall and lungs (pulmonary fibrosis).
resistance
An example of resistance is a change in _____ diameter (size of passageways).
bronchiole
______ by the parasympathetic division, a change in bronchiole diameter.
bronchoconstriciton
______ by the sympathetic division, a change in bronchiole diameter.
bronchodilation
Accumulation of mucus or inflammation in _____ causes resistance via a decrease in the size of passageways.
bronchioles
The collapse of alveoli, is a type of _____.
resistance
Increased surface tension due to type ___ cells not secreting enough surfactant causes respiratory _____ syndrome in infants. (collapse of alveoli)
distress
_____ is the case with which the lungs and chest wall expand.
compliance
____ is the amount of air inhaled in 1 minute.
pulmonary ventilation
Normal tidal volume is ____ per breath.
500 mL
Respiratory rate is ___ breathes per minute.
12
Total pulmonary ventilation is ________.
6000 ml/min or 6L/min
_____ is the amount of air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange per minute.
alveolar ventilation
____ is the amount of air left in conducting zone that never reaches alveoli (average volume is ___).
anatomic dead space
150 ml
Alveolar ventilation will be less than _____ ventilation due to dead space.
pulmonary
i.e.
500 ml - 150ml = 350 ml x 12 bpm = 4200 m./mn or 4.2 L
Physiologic dead space occurs due to respiratory disorders result in decreased number of ____ participation in gas exchange.
alveoli
____ is the pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases.
partial pressure
____ pressure is the total pressure of all gases collectedly.
atmospheric pressure or atm
____ includes nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and other minor gases.
Atmospheric pressure
____ states that the total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures.
Dalton’s law
____ are partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region than in another.
partial pressure gradients
Gas moves _____ the region of its higher partial pressure ___ the region of its lower partial pressure.
from
to
Both alveolar gas exchange and_____ gas exchange depend upon partial pressure gradients.
systemic
What is the most important concentration within he blood that affects rate and depth of breathing?
PCO2
Air flow resistance can be affected by …
decreased elasticity of lungs
change in bronchiole diameter
collapse of aveoli
____ is the chemical principles governing the exchange of gas between air and a liquid (blood)
gas solubility
____ states that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of gas in the air and the volume of gas dissolved in a specified volume of liquid (solubility coefficient).
Henry’s law
______ is the volume of gas dissolved in a specified volume of liquid.
the solubility coefficient
_____ is more soluble than oxygen which is more soluble than _____.
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
Gases with ____ solubility coefficients require larger pressure gradients to push the gas into the liquid.
low
Partial pressure in gases in alveoli are different than partial pressures with the _____.
atmosphere
More ____ is present within alveoli during alveolar gas exchange.
water vapor
Oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from _____.
blood into alveoli
PO2 is _____ in alveoli ____ mm Hg than in atmosphere, 159 mm Hg.
lower
159 mm Hg
PCO2 is ____ in the alveoli ____ mm Hg than in atmosphere, 0.3 mm Hg
higher
40 mm Hg
These remain constant because of our rhthymic breathing.
?
During external respiration PO2 is greater in the alveoli (104 mm Hg) than in the blood (40 mm Hg), thus oxygen moves from ____ to _____.
alveoli to blood
During external respiration PCO2 is greater in the blood (45 mm Hg) than in the alveoli (40 mm Hg) thus carbon dioxide moves from the ____ to the ____.
blood
alveoli
Efficiency of diffusion is dependent upon anatomic features of the ____.
respiratory membrane
The _____ of the respiratory membrane makes diffusion efficient.
large surface area, about the size of half a tennis court
The respiratory membrane has ______, about 0.5 micrometers between alveolar and capillary endothelial cells.
minimal thickness
To maximize gas exchange smooth muscles of both the bronchioles and the arterioles that carry blood to pulmonary capillaries can _____ and _____.
contract and relax
Ventilation responds to changes in ____.
PCO2
Ventilation is altered by changes in _______ and construction.
bronchodilation
Perfusion response to changes in _____.
PCO2 and PO2
Perfusion is altered by changes in pulmonary _____ and _______.
arteriole dilation and constriction
During ventilation bronchioles _____ and the amount of air within the bronchiole increases.
dilates
During ventilation bronchioles ______ decreasing PCO2 in the air within the bronchiole.
constricts
During perfusion the arterioles ______ to either increase PO2 or decrease PCO2 in blood.
dilate
Arterioles construction during perfusion to increase PO2 or Increase ____ in the blood.
PCO2
Breathing that is too slow or is called ____.
bradypnea
Breathing that is too shallow is called ____.
hypopnea
_____ that is either too slow or too shallow to adequately meet the metabolic need of the body.
hypoventilation
____ is caused by airway obstruction, pneumonia, brainstem injury, obesity, and any other condition that interferes with pulmonary ventilation or alveolar gas exchange.
hypoventilation
During hypoventilation ____ levels decrease and ____ levels increase in the alveoli causing a smaller partial pressure gradient.
O2 decrease
CO2 increase
During hypoventilation O2 levels decrease and CO2 levels increase in the ____ causing a smaller partial pressure gradient.
alveoli
Lower amounts of oxygen diffusion from alveoli into the blood causing a decrease in blood PO2, ______ which can lead to low oxygen in the tissue , ______.
hypoxemia
hypoxia
Lower amounts of carbon dioxide diffuse from blood to alveoli causing blood PCO2 to increase, ________.
hypercapnia
____ is the breathing rate or depth that is increased above the body’s demand.
hyperventilation
Hyperventilation is caused by anxiety, panic, or ____.
ascending to a high altitude.
Hyperventilation increases PO2 levels and decreases PCO2 levels in alveoli which causes an increase in ______.
partial pressure gradient
During hyperventilation additional oxygen does not enter the blood despite the steeper PO2 gradient because ______.
hemoglobin 98% saturated already during normal breathing
During hyperventilation additional carbon dioxide leaves the blood to enter the alveoli due to steep _______.
PCO2 gradient
During hyperventilation blood PCO2 level decrease below normal which is called ______.
hypocapnia
______ causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels as well as a decrease in blood H+ concentrations which can results in respiratory alkalosis.
Hypocapnia
What does 100% hemoglobin saturation mean?
hemoglobin is bound to 4 oxygen molecules
What does the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve tell us?
the relationship between PO2 and hemoglobin O2 saturation
What is oxygen reserve?
the oxygen that is still attached to hemoglobin after the blood passes through the systemic capillaries.
What other things can influence the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
binding of H+or CO2, increased temperature or 2,3-BPG
What does a shift right int he hemoglobin saturation curve mean?
There is a change in the body which stimulates additional release of oxygen from hemoglobin, such as increased temp or blood pH.
Internal respiration is a result of partial pressure of gases in systemic cells due to _____.
cellular respiration
Internal respiration
?
Gases with ___ solubility coefficients require ______ pressure gradients to push the gas into he liquid.
low
larger
Why are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 different within the alveoli, compared to the atmosphere?
Air mixes with anatomic dead space, O2 and CO2 exchange with blood within alveoli, more water vapor in alveoli
What’s the difference between ventilation and perfusion?
Ventilation is a change in bronchiole diameter where perfusion is the change in arteriole diameter
During external respiration: PO2 is lower in the alveoli than in the pulmonary capillaries, which causes oxygen to move from the blood into the alveoli.
false
During the internal respiration: PO2 i lower in the systemic cells than in the systemic capillaries, which causes oxygen to move from the blood into the systemic cells.
true
Oxygen transport dependent upon solubility coefficient of oxygen in blood plasma and the ____.
presence of hemoglobin
The solubility coefficient of oxygen in blood plasma is ____, less than 2% of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.
very low
The presence of hemoglobin is ____% of oxygen in blood transported within erythrocytes bound to the iron within hemoglobin.
98%
Hemoglobin that is oxygen bound is called ______.
oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is without bound oxygen is called ______.
deoxyhemoglobin
Carbon dioxid transport is dependent upon CO2 dissolved plasma, CO2 attached to the glib portion of hemoglobin, and _________.
bicarbonate (HCO2) dissolved in plasma.
____% of CO2 can diffuse into plasma.
7%
CO2 attached to the global portion of hemoglobin can transport ___% of CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin compound.
23%
As bicarbonate (HCO3) dissolved in plasma ____% of CO2 diffuses into erythrocytes and combine with water to form bicarbonate and H+, bicarbonate then diffuses into he plasma.
70% ???
In systemic capillaries CO2 diffuses into an erythrocyte, joins H2O to form carbonic anhydrase (H2CO3) which then splits into _______ and ____.
bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
In systemic capillaries bicarbonate leaves erythrocyte and chloride ion moves into cells to prevent a change in charge, _____.
chloride shift
Conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries occurs when bicarbonate moves in the erythrocyte as ________ move out.
chloride ions
Conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries occurs when bicarbonate recombines with a hydrogen ion to form ______ which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water.
carbonic anhydrase
Conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide in pulmonary capillaries occurs when carbon dioxide diffuses out of the ________ into the plasma and then diffuses into the alveoli.
erythrocyte
Hemoglobin transports three substances: oxygen attached to iron, carbon dioxide bound to the global, and ____ bound to the global.
hydrogen ions
The binding or releasing of one substance causes a conformation change in the hemoglobin that influences the ability to _____ the other two substances.
bind or release
How much oxygen in the blood is attached to hemoglobin?
98%
Carbon dioxide is primarily carried within the blood as ______.
bicarbonate
Where is CO2 converted into bicarbonate?
within the erythrocytes
What is created when CO2 binds with H2O.
carbonic anhydrase
What is the chloride shift?
a chloride ion enters the erythrocyte when a bicarbonate molecule leaves to balance the charge
What three things are transported by hemoglobin?
oxygen, carbondioxide and hydrogen ions
Hemoglobin can find up to ___ O2 molecules (four iron atoms)
four
Percent O2 saturation is the amount of _____.
oxygen bound to hemoglobin
____ hemoglobin saturation occurs when bound to 4 O2 molecules.
100%
__% hemoglobin saturated when only bound to 1 O2 molecule.
25%
Cooperative binding effect is when the binding of each O2 molecule makes it progressively easier for each addition ____.
o2 molecule to bind to an available iron.
The oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve relates the PO2 and percent _____ of hemoglobin.
O2 saturation of hemoglobin
Initial increases in PO2 on the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve cause _____ in hemoglobin saturation.
relatively large changes in hemoglobin saturation
up to 60 mm Hg
On the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curve any changes above ____ mm Hg only have relatively small changes in hemoglobin saturation.
60 mm Hg
Deoxyhemoglobin + O2 oxyghemoglobin
?
If alveolar PO2 is 104 mm Hg. What would be the hemoglobin saturation be after the blood passed through the pulmonary capillaries?
98
Climbing a mountain decrease PO2 int eh atmosphere which in turn _____ the PO2 in the alveoli.
decreases
Elevation of 9000 ft, PO2 is 65 mm Hg, what is the hemoglobin saturation level?
?
Elevation of 17000 feet, PO2 is 40 mm Hg, what is the hemoglobin saturation level?
?
Altitude sickness normally occurs at altitudes greater than ___ feet.
8200 feet
PO2 in systemic cells during rest is 40 mm Hg, thus the hemoglobin saturation is ____%
75%
Hemoglobin in blood is 98% saturated as it _____.
enters systemic capillaries.
During rest, only _____ of oxygen transported by hemoglobin is released.
20-25%
____ is the amount of oxygen that remains bound to hemoglobin after passing through the systemic capillaries.
oxygen reserve
Vigorous exercise decreases PO2 to _____ in systemic cells.
PO2 to 20 mm Hg
_____ increased temp interferes with hemoglobin’s ability to find and hold oxygen
temperature
_____ is known as Bohr effect.
H+ binding to hemoglobin
The presence of 2,3-BPG causes released of additional oxygen as blood moves through _____.
systemic capillaries.
Thyroid hormone, epinephrine, growth hormone and testosterone stimulates production of ______.
2,3 - BPG
CO2 binding to hemoglobin causes the release of more _____.
oxygen
_____ iw when more oxygen released from hemoglobin the more carbon dioxide binds to ti.
Haldane effect
Review oxygen release curves
?
