Chapter 23 Flashcards
____ are respiratory tracts that move air from atmosphere to alveoli and back.
air passageway
_______ is where oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to alveoli.
site for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
The olfactory receptors are located in the superior region of the nasal cavity and are responsible for _____.
detection of odors
Vocal cords are responsible for sound production and sinuses for sound ____.
resonation
The _____ zone consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (nose to end of terminal bronchioles). These structures form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs.
conducting
The ____ zone consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. The area contains structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood.
respiratory
____ is produced by the mucous and serous glands located in the lamina propria of respiratory mucosa (and goblet cells).
mucus
4 components of mucus
- mucin
- lysozyme
- defensins
- immunoglobins
_____ is protein that increases mucus viscosity; which traps more inhaled dust, dirt particles, microorganisms and pollen.
mucin
____ are the antibacterial enzyme contained in mucus.
lysozymes
____ are the antimicrobial proteins in mucus.
defensins
______ are a component of mucus.
immunoglobins - IgA
____ region contains olfactory epithelium.
olfactory region
The superior region in the nasal cavity is called the _____ region.
olfactory
Airborne chemicals dissolve in mucus to simulate ____ receptors in the olfactory region.
olfactory
_____ region has extensive vascular network.
respiratory
Because the respiratory region has an extensive vascular network, nosebleeds are common due to the superficial nature, referred to as _____.
epistaxis
_____ is immediately internal to the nostrils.
nasal vestibule
The nasal vestibule is immediately internal to nostrils which contain course hairs called ______ to trap large particulates.
vibrissae
______ are composed of elastic connective tissue which extends from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages.
vocal ligaments
Vocal ligaments covered in mucosa form ______.
vocal folds
____ also extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages, and to the corniculate cartilages.
vestibular ligaments
Vestibular ligaments covered with mucosa form ______.
vestibular folds
Skeletal muscles within the larynx cause ____ cartilages to pivot resulting in a change to the dimension of the rim glottides.
arytenoid
The conducting zone extends from the ____ to the ____.
nose to the terminal bronchioles
The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli are considered part of the ____ zone.
respiratory
Nosebleeds occur in what region of the nasal cavity?
respiratory zone
_____ receptors can be found in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
smelling
Vocal ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the _____ aril ages.
arytenoid
Pivoting of the arytenoid cartilages changes the dimension of the _____.
rima glottidis
______ is air forced past vocal cords during expiration while intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow opening of rims glottidis.
sound production
Characteristics of sound include: range, loudness, and ____.
pitch.
_____ is determined by length and thickness of vocal folds.
range
A range goes from soprano to ____.
bass
____ is determined by the amount of tension on vocal folds.
pitch
Increased pitch results in an ______ in tension of the vocal folds.
increased
The ___ of sound waves determines pitch.
frequency
Loudness is determined by force of air passing across _____.
vocal cords
Speech requires participation of pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, ______ and ______.
teeth and tongue
Two cell types form the alveolar wall; ______ and _______.
type I cell
type II cell
Type I cells are also called ______ cells.
squamous alveolar
Type II cells are also called _____.
septal cells
_____ cells make up approximately 95% of alveolar surface area.
Type I
Type I cells form the thin walls that make the _____.
alveoli.
The internal surface of the alveolar walysare moist, making the alveoli prone to ____ due to surface tension.
collapse
Type II cells secret ______ surfactant.
pulmonary
_____ is oily fluid that coats the inner alveolar surface.
pulmonary surfactant
Surfactant molecules tightly pack together during expiration to keep alveoli from ____.
collapsing
Alveolar macrophages are also called ____.
dust cells.
The alveolar cells include; type I cells, type II cells, and ____.
alveolar macrophages
_____ engulf microorganisms or particulate material that reach alveoli.
alveolar macrophages
The _____ is a thin barrier that oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across during gas exchange int he lungs.
respiratory membrane
The respiratory membrane consists of two _____ that are fused.
basement membranes
One basement membrane of the respiratory membrane consists of ________.
alveolar epithelium
One basement membrane of the respiratory membrane consists of ______.
capillary endothelium
The _____ conducts blood to and from the alveoli within the lungs to replenish oxygen level and get rid of carbon dioxide.
pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary circuit contains the pulmonary trunk, arteries, and ____.
veins
The pulmonary circuit starts from the right ventricle of the heart and ends at the _______.
left atrium of the heart.
Bronchial circulation is a component of the ____ circuit that transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs.
systemic
Bronchial arteries branch from the _____.
descending thoracic aorta
Bronchial veins drain into _____.
superior vena cava
Some of the oxygenated blood drains into pulmonary veins, thus blood exiting lungs is slightly less oxygenated than the blood immediately leaving get the ______.
pulmonary capillaries
What type of alveolar cells secretes surfactant to keep lungs from collapsing?
type II
What is the difference between the pulmonary and bronchial circulations to the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation is taking oxygen poor blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange between blood and atmosphere.
Bronchial circulation is taking oxygen rich blood to tissue of lungs where blood returns oxygen poor to the superior vena cava or mixes with blood in the pulmonary veins heading back to the heart.
Lung inflation occurs due to expanding properties of the chest wall and because of the _______.
recoiling properties of the lungs
Surface tension caused by serous fluid within the pleural cavity causes lungs to ‘cling’ to the internal surface of the chest wall causing _____.
chest wall expantion
Elastic fibers within lungs are stretched when lungs expand, but naturally want to ____ pulling the lungs back in.
recoil
______ is generated due to suction action of surface tension and recoiling elastic fibers.
Intrapleural pressue
____ (within lungs) is greater than intrapleural pressure.
Intrapulmonary pressure
___ pressure keeps lungs inflated.
intrapulmonary
______ is also referred to as breathing.
pulmonary ventilation
______ is the movement of respiratory gases between atmosphere and alveoli of lungs.
pulmonary ventilation
______ exchange of respiratory gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
external respiration
_____ is the transport of respiratory gases within the blood between the lungs and systemic cells of the body.
gas transport
______ is the exchange of respiratory gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the systemic cells of the body.
internal respiration
The first four steps of the respiratory process involve the movement of ____ and the last four steps of the respiratory process involve the movement of ____.
oxygen
carbon dioxide
The 1st four steps of the respiratory process
- breath in air containing O2
- O2 moves into the blood
- Blood containing O2
- O2 moves into systemic cells
The last four steps of the respiratory process
- CO2 moves into blood
- Blood containing CO2
- CO2 moves into the alveoli
- Air containing CO2
_____ dimension changes as a result of movement of the diaphragm.
vertical
_____ dimension changes occur when rib cage is elevated or visa versa, rib cage depresses.
lateral
_____ dimension changes occur as inferior portion of the sternum moves anteriorly, or posteriorly.
anterior-posterior
Thoracic cavity dimensions change because of ______ and _______.
inspiration and expiration
The thoracic cavity expands during ______.
inspiration
The thoracic cavity contracts during _____.
expiration
Chest wall and lungs expand during _____.
inspiration
The diaphragm contracts (flattens) during ____.
inspiration.
The diaphragm relaxes during _____.
expiration.
During inspiration ribs are _____ and the thoracic cavity ____.
elevated
widens
During expiration ribs are ____ and the thoracic cavity _______.
depressed
narrows
The inferior portion of the sternum moves ______ during inspiration.
anteriorly
The inferior portion of the sternum moves _____ during expiration.
posteriorly
What is intrapleural pressure?
The pressure within the pleural cavity
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
The pressure within the lungs
What are the four respiratory processes?
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration
Vertical dimension changes occur due to the contraction of the ______.
diaphragm
Lateral dimension changes occur due to the contraction of the _____.
rib cage
Anterior-posterior dimension changes occur due to the movement of the ____.
sternum.
Volume changes in the thoracic cavity cause gas pressure _____ in the thoracic cavity.
changes
At a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container _____ is referred to as boil’s law.
increases
Pressure decreases as volume ____ according boyle’s law.
increases
Pressure increases as volume ______ according to Boyle’s law.
decreases
Boyle’s gas law states that air moves to where there is _____.
less pressure
_____ is the pressure gases in the air exert in the environment.
atmospheric pressure
____ lbs per square inch =’s 1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 mm Hg
14.7
The air thins with increased altitude (aka _______).
lower atmospheric pressure
_____ is the collective volume of the alveoli within the lungs.
alveolar volume
_____ volume is associated with intrapulmonary pressure (pressure within alveoli).
alveolar
____ is pressure exerted within the pleural cavity.
intrapleural pressure
____ pressure is always slightly lower than intrapulmonary pressure so lungs stay inflated. (____ mm Hg).
Intrapleural pressure
756 mm Hg
_____ during quiet inspiration both intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are at ____ mm Hg prior to inspiration.
Initially
760
Intrapleural pressure slightly lower at ___ mm Hg.
756
During quiet inspiration the diaphragm and external intercostals ______ pulling open the thoracic cavity.
contract
During quiet inspiration pleural cavity volume increases and intrapleural pressure _____ to 754 mm Hg.
decreases
During quiet inspiration surface tensions plus lungs open causing a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure to _____ mm Hg.
759
During quiet inspiration, we inspire ____ of air.
500 mL
At sea level, how much is atmospheric pressure?
760 mm Hg
Why is intrapleural pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure?
So that the lungs stay inflated
