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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the study of the means by which living organisms both obtain and utilize the nutrients they need to grow and sustain life.

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

____ are organic molecules (carbs, fat, proteins), vitamins and minerals the body needs.

A

nutrients

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3
Q

_____ must be obtained and absorbed by the digestive system.

A

essential nutrients

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4
Q

______ are provided by biochemical processes within the body.

A

Nonessential

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5
Q

Sugars, starches, and ____ are carbohydrates.

A

fiber

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6
Q

Monosaccharides and diasaccharides are types of _____.

A

sugars

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7
Q

Examples of Sugar

A 
table sugar
maple syrup
fruits
lactose from milk
maltose found in cereals
honey
corn syrup
molasses
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8
Q

Polysaccharide of glucose is found in ______.

A

starches

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9
Q

A refined starch is _____.

A

cornstarch

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10
Q

Examples of starches

A

potatoes, carrots, wheat, barley, rice, corn, beans, peas

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11
Q

_____ molecules, also known as fiber, of plants and animals that cannot be chemically digested and absorbed/

A

Fibrous

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12
Q

Examples of fiber

A

lentils, peas, beans, whole grains, oatmeal, berries, nuts

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13
Q

____ and starches are broken down by body into glucose.

A

sugars

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14
Q

Glucose ____ an essential nutrient.

A

is not

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15
Q

Glucose oxidized in cellular respiration to create _____.

A

36 ATP

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16
Q

Fiber remains in ____ and adds bulk?

A

GI tract

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17
Q

Bulk stimulates _____ of LI facilitating defecation. “keeps your regular”

A

peristalsis

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18
Q

Carbohydrates can decrease _____ levels in blood by eliminating bile salts from being reabsorbed.

A

cholesterol

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19
Q

Bile salt are made from ____.

A

cholesterol

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20
Q

Fat that is composed of glycerol and fatty acids is called _____.

A

triglycerides

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21
Q

______ fat has no double bonds. each carbon is saturated with ____.

A

saturated

hydrogen

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22
Q

Saturated fats are generally ____ at room temperature.

A

solid

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23
Q

Examples of saturated fats.

A

fat in meat, milk, coconut oil, palm oil

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24
Q

____ fat has one double bond and is typically liquid at room temperature.

A

unsaturated

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25
Q

What type of fat is typically liquid at room temperature?

A

unsaturated

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26
Q

Examples of unsaturated fats

A

Nuts, canola oil, olive oil, sunflower oil

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27
Q

_____ fat has two or more double bonds and is ____ at room temperature.

A

polysaturated

liquid

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28
Q

Examples of polyunsaturated fat.

A

soybean oil, corn oil, safflower oil

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29
Q

The only essential fatty acids are?

A

omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids

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30
Q

____ are used as an energy source.

A

triglycerides

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31
Q

Triglycerides are necessary for absorption of _____ vitamins.

A

fat soluble

ADEK

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32
Q

____ is used as a component of the plasma membrane.

A

cholesterol

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33
Q

A precursor for steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D.

A

cholesterol

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34
Q

Cholesterol comes from our ____ through animal base products such as ___, ____, and ___.

A

diet

meat, eggs, milk

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35
Q

_____ can be synthesized by the liver.

A

choleseterol

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36
Q

If nonessential nutrients are not needed from our diet, how do we obtain them?

A

through biomechanical processes within the body

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37
Q

Potatoes, carrots, rice, corn and peas are what type of carb?

A

starch

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38
Q

Why is glucose not an essential nutrient?

A

our bodies can make it

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39
Q

Why are omega-6 and omega-3 important lipids?

A

they are the only essential acids

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40
Q

What are cholesterols used for within the body?

A

plasma membrane component, precursor for steroid hormones, bile salts and vitamin D

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41
Q

____ are the most structurally and functionally diverse of macromolecules

A

proteins

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42
Q

There are ____ to ____ different proteins in the body.

A

50,000 to 100,000

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43
Q

Proteins are synthesized from ___ different amino acids.

A

20

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44
Q

There are ___ essential and ___ nonessential amino acids in the body that makes up proteins.

A

8 essential

12 nonessential

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45
Q

____ contain all essential amino acids.

A

complete proteins

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46
Q

____ do not contains all essential amino acids.

A

incomplete proteins

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47
Q

Examples of complete proteins

A

meats, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt

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48
Q

Examples of incomplete proteins

A

legumes, vegetables, grains

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49
Q

Specific dietary intake of proteins is dependent upon ____ and ___.

A

age and sex

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50
Q

The daily proteins servicing is ____ grams.

A

45 to 60

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51
Q

The protein intake should be higher for _____, ____, or after injury, ____ or stress.

A

pregnant women, children

infection

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52
Q

______ cannot be stored in the body.

A

amino acids

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53
Q

Essential amino acids are obtained through ____.

A

nutrition

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54
Q

Nonessential amino acids are _____ by the body.

A

synthesized

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55
Q

_____ is a chemical element needed for synthesizing nitrogen containing molecules such as DNA, RNA, and porphyrin (a component of heme in hemoglobin)

A

nitrogen

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56
Q

____ is the equilibrium between dietary intake and its loss in urine/feces.

A

Nitrogen balance

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57
Q

_____ nitrogen balance is when more nitrogen is absorbed than excreted.

A

positive

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58
Q

Positive nitrogen balance occurs during growth, pregnancy, and during ______.

A

recovery from injury

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59
Q

____ nitrogen balance is when more nitrogen is excreted than absorbed.

A

negative

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60
Q

Negative nitrogen balance results from ____ or blood loss.

A

malnutrition

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61
Q

_____ are organic molecules required for normal metabolism.

A

vitamins

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62
Q

____ are present only in small amounts in food.

A

vitamins

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63
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

vitamin b and vitamin c

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64
Q

There are several types of vitamin ____ and they serve as coenzymes.

A

B

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65
Q

Vitamin ___ is required for the synthesis of collagen and has antioxidant properties.

A

C

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66
Q

Antioxidants remove _____ from the body.

A

free radicals

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67
Q

_____ are chemical structures that have unpaired electrons and are highly reactive.

A

free radicals

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68
Q

The human body does not store water soluble vitamins. The excess is lost in ______.

A

urine

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69
Q

______ vitamins dissolve in fat and are absorbed by lacteals.

A

fat soluble

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70
Q

The fat soluble vitamins are …

A

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Vitamin E

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71
Q

Retinol is also known as vitamin ____ and is a precursor for visual pigment retinal.

A

Vitamin A

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72
Q

Calciferol is also known as vitamin ____ and is a modified form of calcitiriol.

A

Vitamin D

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73
Q

Tocopherol is also known as vitamin _____ and helps stabilize/prevent damage to cell membranes.

A

vitamin E

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74
Q

Vitamin ____ is required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins.

A

vitamin k

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75
Q

Excess fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body fat and can reach _____.

A

toxic levels

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76
Q

_____ are inorganic ions with diverse functions within the body.

A

minerals

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77
Q

All ____ are essential.

A

minerals

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78
Q

_____ minerals needed at levels greater than 100 mg/day.

A

Major

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79
Q

_____ minerals require less than 100 mg/day.

A

trace

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80
Q

Examples of major minerals.

A 
Calcium
chloride
magnesium
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
sulfur
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81
Q

Examples of trace minerals

A 
chromium
cobalt
copper
fluoride
iodine
iron
manganese
molybdenum
selenium
zinc
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82
Q

___ is found in hemoglobin where it binds oxygen and mitochondria as part of electron transport chain.

A

iron

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83
Q

_____ is needed for formation/maintenance of the skeleton, muscle contraction, exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and blood clotting.

A

calcium

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84
Q

______ and ______ maintain resting membrane potential in excitable cell and needed for action potential.

A

sodium and potassium

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85
Q

_____ is needed for thyroid hormone production.

A

Iodine

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86
Q

_____ play a role in protein synthesis and wound healing.

A

zinc

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87
Q

______ are the amount of each nutrient that must be obtained each day.

A

RDA’s - recommended daily allowance

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88
Q

The recommended daily allowance’s are decided on by ______.

A

the federal government (USDA)

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89
Q

Although recommended daily allowances are currently based on population studies, could be established for individual’s based on ____.

A

genetic make up

90
Q

In 2011, updates were made by the USDA from the food pyramid to _____.

A

MyPlate

91
Q

MyPlate provides visual for ____ of the types of food we need.

A

portions

92
Q

_______ consists of half fruits/vegetables and half grain/protein and a side of dairy.

A

MyPlate

93
Q

USDA’s website www.choosepmyplate.gov suggests for people to _____, switch from whole milk to non-fat milk, reduce ___ intake and replace sugary drinks with water.

A

eat less

salt

94
Q

_____ makes you feel hungry.

A

Ghrelin

95
Q

_____ makes you feel full.

A

Leptin

96
Q

_______ induce the release of leptin from stomach lining.

A

Proteins

97
Q

_____ also release leptin.

A

Adipocytes

98
Q

Too much fat can lead to a ______ —> feeling hungry more often —> eating more —–> increasing fat stores

A

leptin resistance

99
Q

Insulin resistance is a result of a ____ sugar/simple carbohydrate diet that cause the release of high amount of insulin, which can lead to resistance.

A

high

100
Q

Decreased uptake of glucose from blood causes body cells to feel ____ causing an increase in _____.

A

starved

appetite

101
Q

Decreased ____ causes increased levels of gherkin and decreased levels of leptin.

A

sleep

102
Q

The ____ is the time you are eating, digesting, and absorbing nutrients.

A

absorptive state

103
Q

The absorptive state lasts about ____ after a meal.

A

four hours

104
Q

During the absorptive state concentrations of glucose, _____, and ______ are increasing within the blood.

A

triglycerides and amino acids

105
Q

Insulin is a major _______.

A

regulatory hormone

106
Q

Insulin stimulates ______ in the liver and muscle cells.

A

glycogenesis

107
Q

Insuline stimulates _____ and inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes.

A

lipogenesis

108
Q

Insuline stimulates most cells to increase AA uptake increasing the rate of _____.

A

protein synthesis

109
Q

The time between meals when the body relies on its stores of nutrients because no further absorption of nutrients is occurring is called _________.

A

post absorptive state

110
Q

Glucagon is a major ______.

A

regulatory hormone

111
Q

Glucagon stimulates _______ and _______ in liver cells

A

glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

112
Q

Glucagon stimulates ______ in the adipocytes

A

lipolysis

113
Q

______ is after 4 hours the body switches from glucose to fatty acid catabolism, saving glucose for the ____.

A

glucose sparing effect

brain

114
Q

______ stimulates the release of energy reserves from hepatocytes/adipocytes. (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis)

A

Growth hormone

115
Q

______ stimulates the uptake of amino acids by body cells.

A

Growth hormone

116
Q

_______ stimulate the release of energy reserves from hepatocytes/adipocytes.

A

thyroid hormones

117
Q

_______ stimulates the uptake of amino acids and ______ by body cells/neurons.

A

Thyroid hormones

glucose

118
Q

_____ stimulates the release of energy reserves from hepatocytes/adipocytes.

A

cortisol

119
Q

Cortisol stimulates _____ and decreased glucose uptake by the body cells.

A

protein catabolism

120
Q

_________ is released from the sympathetic division of the ANS.

A

nor-epinephrine

121
Q

Nor-epinephrine stimulates the release of glucose from _____.

A

hepatocytes

122
Q

What is the difference between the food pyramid and my plate?

A

The food pyramid gives number of servings, my plate give serving size visual on plate

123
Q

Why is it a bad thing that adipose tissue releases leptin? Why would this not be a good thing?

A

We become leptin resistant if too much is released due to high amounts of fat causing a vicious cycle of eating and gaining weight.

124
Q

What is the major hormone released during the absorptive state? What about the post absorptive state?

A

insulin during absorptive and glucagon during post absorptive

125
Q

Formation of plasma proteins is a function of the _____.

A

liver

126
Q

Formation and release of bile in the small intestines for emulsification of lipids is a function of the _____.

A

liver

127
Q

The liver removes _____ from blood following erythrocyte destruction.

A

bilirubin

128
Q

The liver functions as a ____ bank.

A

glucose`

129
Q

The liver stores glucose as _____.

A

glycogen

130
Q

The liver is responsible for the synthesis of ______.

A

cholesterol

131
Q

The liver releases glucose by breaking down glycogen or creating it out of _____ products.

A

noncarbohydrate

132
Q

When fatty acids are broken down into 2 carbon units and then formed into acetyl CoA –> they enter the citric acid cycle is called

A

beta oxidation

133
Q

______ is when more Acetyl CoA than needed for citric acid cycle, it will be converted into ketone bodies by hepatocytes to be used in other body cells.

A

Ketogenesis

134
Q

______ is when the body fails to adequately regulate ketone production (beta oxidation) causing such a severe accumulation of kept acids (ketone bodies) that the pH of the blood is substantially decreased.

A

Ketoacidosis

135
Q

Acetyl CoA can also be used to synthesize _______ by way of HMG-CoA reductase.

A

cholesterol

136
Q

_____ is released into the blood as component of very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

A

cholesterol

137
Q

Cholesterol is synthesized into bile salts and released with bile in the _____.

A

small intestines.

138
Q

________ contain triglycerides and cholesterols packaged within proteins.

A

Very low density lipoproteins

139
Q

_________ lipoproteins are assembled within the liver and released into blood.

A

Very low density

140
Q

______ lipoproteins release triglycerides to all cells of peripheral tissues, but primarily adipose tissue.

A

very low density

141
Q

very low density lipoproteins triglycerides changes the density converting it into a

A

?

142
Q

_____ lipoproteins contain high amounts of cholesterol.

A

low density

143
Q

____ lipoproteins deliver cholesterol to cells by receptor mediated endocytosis.

A

low density

144
Q

_____ lipoproteins are used by all cells as part of plasma membrane.

A

low density

145
Q

________ lipoproteins are used by some tissues (testes, ovaries, adrenal glands) to produce steroid hormones.

A

low density

146
Q

_______ lipoproteins are produced in stages and function to oppose both VLDLs and LDLs.

A

high density

147
Q

_____ HDLs (proteins only) are created by liver and sent into blood.

A

empty

148
Q

HDLs circulate and collect lipids, both _______ and _______.

A

cholesterols and triglycerides

149
Q

HDLs release lipids in ________ which are then converted into VLDLs.

A

hepatocytes

150
Q

If the body relies on fatty acid energy production for too long of a period and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood, what happens

A

ketoacidosis - blood pH substantially decreases

151
Q

How does HDL oppose VLDL and LDL?

A

HDL collects triglycerides and cholesterols from the body and brings them to the liver

VLDL and LDL deposit triglycerides and cholesterols with the body cells

152
Q

What’s the difference between VLDL and LDL?

A

VLDL contain both triglycerides and cholesterols while LDL contain mainly cholesterols.

153
Q

_______ when glucose molecules bonded together forming glycogen.

A

glycogenesis

154
Q

________ when glycogen begin broken down into glucose.

A

glycogenolysis

155
Q

________ converting non-carbohydrates into glucose (type of interconversion).

A

gluconeogenesis

156
Q

During carbohydrate metabolism ______ and ________ are converted to glucose.

A

fructose and galactose

157
Q

Monosaccharides are absorbed during carbohydrate metabolism from the _____ into the blood and enter hepatocytes.

A

small intestine

158
Q

During protein metabolism amino acids are used to form _____.

A

proteins

159
Q

_______ is when amino acids converted from one form to another . (type of interconversion) (changes the side chain).

A

transamination

160
Q

_______ is when an amine group is removed from amino acids.

A

deamination

161
Q

_______ converted to urea and then eliminated through urine during deamination.

A

Amine

162
Q

In deamination, remaining components are oxidized for _______.

A

cellular respiration

163
Q

During lipid metabolism, ______, is when fatty acids joined with glycerol to form triglycerides.

A

lipogenesis

164
Q

During lipid metabolism, _____, is when fatty acids released from triglycerides.

A

lipolysis

165
Q

During lipid metabolism, ________, is when fatty acids are broken down to acetyl CoA.

A

beta oxidation

166
Q

During lipid metabolism, acetyl CoA is converted to _____ and used by other cells for cellular respiration.

A

ketone bodies

167
Q

During lipid metabolism, Acetyl CoA is used in _______.

A

cholesterol synthesis.

168
Q

Glycolysis occurs in _____ and does not require oxygen.

A

cytosol

169
Q

The products of glucose

A

2 pyruvate molecules
2 ATP
2 NADH

170
Q

Pyruvate converts to ______ when not enough oxygen is available during glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

171
Q

During the _________ pyruvate is converted to a acetyl CoA and CO2.

A

intermediate stage

172
Q

During the intermediate stage _____ NADH is produced per pyruvate.

A

1

173
Q

During the citric acid cycle acetyl CoA binds ______ to form citric acid.

A

oxaloacetate

174
Q

During the citric acid cycle produces ____ CO2, ___ ATP, ___ NADH, and ___ FADH2 per cycle

A

2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

175
Q

The electron transport chain transfers _______ and an electron from NADH and FADH2 forming ATP through __________.

A

hydrogen

oxidative phosphorylation

176
Q

During non-carbohydrate ATP generation, triglycerides are broken into ______ and ______.

A

glycerol and fatty acids

177
Q

During non carbohydrate ATP generation, glycerol enters the pathway after converted into glucose by way of _______.

A

glucooneogenesis

178
Q

During non carbohydrate ATP generation, fatty acids enter pathway after _______ converts them into acetyl CoA.

A

beta xoidation

179
Q

During non carbohydrate ATP generation an amine group is removed forming ______.

A

ketoacids

180
Q

During non carbohydrate ATP generation keotacids enter citric acid cycle at different steps depedning on the type of ________.

A

amino acid (side chain)

181
Q

Amino acids enter via glycolysis after _______, during non carbohydrate ATP generation.

A

gluconeogenesis

182
Q

Amino acids enter via intermediate stage if in ___ form, converted into acetyl CoA during non carbohydrate ATP generation.

A

ketone

183
Q

Amino acids enter via _______ cycle at specific points during non carbohydrate ATP generation.

A

citric acid

184
Q

What is gluconeogeneiss and why would your body be stimulated to do this?

A

The production glucose from non carbohydrate productions, when the body is low on glucose supplies.

185
Q

How does the body create 12 of the amino acids needed by the body if there are only 8 essential amino acids in our diet?

A

transamination

186
Q

What are the four stages of ATP production?

A

glycolysis, intermediate cycle, citric acid cycle, electron transport

187
Q

If deamination of amino acids create ketoacids, do you thin this would cause the same problem as too much fatty acid ATP production?

A

Yes, use of proteins for an energy source can also cause ketoacidosis

188
Q

_____ is the measure of energy used in a given period of time.

A

metabolic rate

189
Q

The amount of energy of the metabolic rate is measured in ____.

A

calories

190
Q

A ____ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C.

A

calorie

191
Q

1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie

A

?

192
Q

Carbs produce ___ kilocalories per gram.

A

4

193
Q

Triglycerides produce ____ kilocalories per gram.

A

9

194
Q

Proteins produce ___ kilocalories per gram.

A

4

195
Q

Body weight maintained when there is a balance between calories consumed in the diet and those _____ through metabolic processes and physical activity.

A

expended

196
Q

BMR is called _____.

A

basal metabolic rate

197
Q

______ is the amount of energy required when an individual is at rest (and not eating)

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

198
Q

____ is when a persons submerged in water, the change in the waters temperature is measured.

A

Calorimeter

199
Q

The _____ is an instrument used to measure oxygen consumption.

A

respirometer

200
Q

A respirometer indirectly measures BMR because of relationship between oxygen consumption and _____.

A

heat production

201
Q

1 L of O2 consumed =’s ____ kilocalories of heat produced

A

4.8

202
Q

BMR varies due to

A

age
lean body mass
sex
levels of various hormones in blood

203
Q

___% decrease in BMR occurs ever decade starting at 30.

A

3%

204
Q

People with a greater lean body mass have ____ BMRs.

A

higher

205
Q

Thyroid hormones _____ BMR.

A

increases

206
Q

TMR stands for

A

total metabolic rate

207
Q

BMR + ______ = Total metabolic rate

A

energy needed for physical activity

208
Q

TMR varies depeding on the amount of _________ and its activity.

A

skeletal msucle

209
Q

Metabolic rate increases with _______ and stays elevated for hours.

A

vigorous exercise

210
Q

TMR varies depending on their _____.

A

food intake

211
Q

Metabolic rate increases after a meal but decreases after _______ have been absorbed.

A

nutrients

212
Q

TMR varies depending on ______ conditions.

A

changing environmental conditions

213
Q

Metabolic rate increases when exposed to the _____.

A

cold

214
Q

Metabolic rate influences heat production in the body, thus _______.

A

body temperature

215
Q

______ is the temperature of the vital portions of the body (core) that consists of the head and torso.

A

Core body temperature

216
Q

Body temperature is maintained constantly by fluctuations in the temperature of ________.

A

peripheral regions

217
Q

The _____ system control assists in temperature regulation.

A

nervous

218
Q

Temperature regulation is mediated by the _____.

A

hypothalamus

219
Q

The nervous system controls sweat glands, skeletal muscles, and _______ to maintain temperature regulations.

A

peripheral blood vessels

220
Q

_____ control assists in body temperature regulations.

A

hormonal

221
Q

The _______ most significant because it causes an increase in metabolic rate of all cells, primarily neurons (Na+/K+ pump)

A

thyroid hormone

222
Q

Hormonal control of temperature regulations via these hormones

A 
epinephrine
norepinephrine
growth hormone
testosterone
thryoid hormone

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II (20 decks)

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