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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

______ is composed of 92% water, plasma proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes.

A

plasma

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2
Q

____ make are the most abundant plasma protein.

A

albumins

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3
Q

Albumins are made in the ____.

A

liver

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4
Q

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen and Regulatory proteins are types of ______.

A

plasma proteins

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5
Q

Gamma-globulins are made in ______.

A

leukocytes

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6
Q

______ have the greatest influences on osmotic pressure in plasma because they are the most abundant plasma protein.

A

albumins

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7
Q

_____ transport ions, hormones, and some lipids in blood.

A

albumins

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8
Q

Alpha and Beta Globulins transport certain _____ molecules and hormones.

A

water insoluble

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9
Q

Gamma globulins are also called _______.

A

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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10
Q

_____ globulins are made by leukocytes and play a role in the body’s defenses.

A

Gamma

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11
Q

_______ along with other clotting factors is responsible for blood clot formation.

A

fibrinogen

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12
Q

What are the three types of formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

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13
Q

_______ is the percentage of formed elements in the blood.

A

hematocrit

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14
Q

______ are formed elements that lack a nucleus and cellular organs; packed with hemoglobin.

A

erthrocytes

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15
Q

_______ transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and lungs.

A

erthyrocytes

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16
Q

______ is red-pigmented protein within RBCs.

A

hemoglobin

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17
Q

Hemoglobin binds oxygen and _______.

A

carbon dioxide

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18
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule is composed of four globins; 2 _____ chains and ____ chains, a heme group, and an iron.

A

4 total = 2 alpha chains & 2 beta chains

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19
Q

Blood is ___ when oxygenated.

A

red

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20
Q

Blood is ____ when deoxygenated.

A

dark red (almost brown)

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21
Q

Old erythrocytes are broken down in the ______.

A

liver/spleen

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22
Q

Leukocytes that have visible granules are called ______.

A

granulocytes

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23
Q

Leukocytes with smaller granules not visible are called ______.

A

agranulocytes

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24
Q

Most numerous of leukocytes in the blood are ______.

A

neutrophils.

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25
Q

______ transform into large phagocytic cells called macrophages.

A

monocytes

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26
Q

Which three white blood cells are phagocytic cells?

A

neutrophils
monocytes
eosinophils

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27
Q

List the white blood cells in order of most to least prevalent.

A

Neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophils, basophils

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

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28
Q

______ is the production of formed elements.

A

Hematopoiesis

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29
Q

What are the three formed elements?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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30
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs in ______.

A

red bone marrow

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31
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is not produced in the liver, but the in the ______.

A

kidneys

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32
Q

Erythropoieten is released when there is a ________ oxygen levels.

A

decrease in blood

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33
Q

Erythropoieten is inhibited when an ______ in blood oxygen levels are detected.

A

increase

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34
Q

_______ hormone has an influence on erythropoietin secretion.

A

testosterone

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35
Q

All _______ stem from myeloid stem cells.

A

Leukocytes

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36
Q

Erythrocytes, _____, granulocytes, and _______ stem from myeloid stem cells.

A

monocytes? mabye one more

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37
Q

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells are formed from _______.

A

lymphoid stem cells

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38
Q

What cell resides in the bone marrow and loses pieces of its cytoplasm to form platelets?

A

megakaryocytes ?

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39
Q

The three stages of hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding)

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation phase

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40
Q

Forming a clot?

A

?

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41
Q

What do the chemicals released by platelets do?

A

vascular spasms
attract more platelets
stimulate the third phase of blood clotting
stimulate replication of necessary cells.

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42
Q

What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?

A

vascular spasms
platelets plug formation
coagulation phase

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43
Q

_____ pathway is initiated by damage to the inside of the vessel.

A

intrinsic

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44
Q

_____ pathway is initiated by damage to the outside of the cell.

A

extrinsic

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45
Q

Clot retraction includes platelets squeezing ______ out of developing clots causing clots to become smaller as vessel walls are pulled closer together.

A

serum

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46
Q

Universal blood donor?

A

O-

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47
Q

Universal blood recipient?

A

AB+

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48
Q

Which antigen is responsible for the Rh blood group?

A

D

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49
Q

Do we naturally produce antibodies in the Rh blood group?

A

No, they are acquired

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50
Q

The blood coming into the right side of the heart is _____ blood.

A

deoxygenated (comes from body and goes to lungs)

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51
Q

The right AV valve is called the ______.

A

tricuspid valve

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52
Q

The left AV valve is called the ________.

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

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53
Q

The _______ valves sit between the atria and ventricles of each side of the heart.

A

atrioventricular valves (AV)

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54
Q

The chordae tendineae are connected to the _______.

A

AV valves

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55
Q

The _______ pericardium is the outermost layer of the heart.

A

fibrous

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56
Q

The fibrous pericardium is made of ________ connective tissue.

A

dense irregular

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57
Q

The fibrous pericardium anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity and prevents _______.

A

over expansion of chambers

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58
Q

The three layers of the heart.

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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59
Q

The middle layer of the heart wall is called the ______.

A

Myocardium

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60
Q

The myocardium is the ____ layer of the heart wall.

A

thickest

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61
Q

The myocardium is made of _______ muscle and contains intercalated discs.

A

cardiac

62
Q

The outermost layer of the heart is called the epicardium. What is another name for this layer?

A

visceral pericardium

63
Q

What structure of the heart acts as an electric insulator by preventing ventricles from contracting at the same time as the atria?

A

fibrous skeleton

64
Q

______ node initiates heart beat.

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

65
Q

Is commonly referred to as the pacemaker.

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

66
Q

_____ cells are found within the SA node (pacemaker cells)

A

nodal cells

67
Q

Nodal cells initiate heartbeat by ________ depolarizing to generate an action potential

A

spontaneously

68
Q

The RMP of nodal cells is ________.

A

-60mV

69
Q

How are myocytes different than nodal cells?

A

RMP is -90mV instead of -60mV and the Ca++ channels are slow in myoctes but fast in nodal cells

70
Q

Can cardiac muscle cells achieve tetany?

A

no

71
Q

Systole is _____ of the heart chamber, increasing pressure within heart chamber.

A

contraction

72
Q

Diastole is _____ of the heart chamber, decreases pressure within the heart chamber.

A

relaxation

73
Q

_____ is the max blood volume within ventricles before ventricular contraction (systole)

A

EDV

End diastolic volume

74
Q

The ________ is when the atria relax, ventricles contract causing no movement of blood.

A

isovolumetric contraction

75
Q

What division of the autonomic system not only changes heart rate, but also increases the strength of the contraction?

A

sympathetic

76
Q

______ is an increase in CO2 above resting level.

A

Cardiac reserve

CR = CO exercising - CO resting

77
Q

_____ measures the level and duration of physical effort an individual can engage in.

A

Cardiac reserve

78
Q

______ is the volume of blood ejected per heart beat.

A

stroke volume

79
Q

The stroke volume is dependent upon volume of blood that enters the heart (EDV) and how much is _____ (ESV).

A

ejected

80
Q

_____ is the resistance in arteries to ejection of blood from heart.

A

afterload

81
Q

_______ states as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, there is a greater stretch of the heart wall, resulting in greater overlapping of the thick and thin filaments in the sarcomeres, allowing for a greater number of cross-bridge formation, causing more forceful ventricular contraction (thus an increased stroke volume)

A

Frank Starling Law

82
Q

_____ have a larger lumen and contain valves.

A

veins

83
Q

Arteries can withstand a _____ range of blood pressure than veins.

A

higher

40-100 vs 0-20

84
Q

_______ is an alternative pathway with blood flow through two capillary beds connected by a portal vein i.e. liver.

A

portal system

85
Q

The largest arteries are called _____ arteries.

A

elastic

86
Q

Most common type of capillaries are called ______.

A

continuous

87
Q

_____ play a significant role in blood pressure regulation and blood flow.

A

arterioles

88
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are found in the ______, endocrine glands, choroid plexus, ciliary process of eyes and small intestines.

A

kidneys!

89
Q

_____ is the joining together of blood vessels.

A

anastomoses

90
Q

Due to lungs not being functional, blood pressure in the ____ side of the heart is greater than the _____ side of the heart.

A

right side

left side

91
Q

The larger the cross sectional area of a vessel, the _______ blood pressure (velocity)

A

lower

92
Q

________ is the movement of fluid, by bulk flow out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid (occurs on the arterial end of capillary)

A

filtration

93
Q

______ is the movement of fluid, by bulk flow, into the blood from the intestitial fluid (occurs on venous end of capillary)

A

reabsorption

94
Q

What cell resides in the bone marrow and loses pieces of its cytoplasm to form platelets?

A

megakaryocytes

95
Q

Filtration is the movement of fluid and ions _____ of the blood.

A

out

96
Q

Reabsorption is the movement of fluid and ions ____ the blood.

A

into

97
Q

_____ is the average measure of the blood pressure forces on the arteries.

A

Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)

98
Q

MAP equation

A

Diastolic BP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

1/3 pulse pressure = (systolic - diastolic)/3

99
Q

What does pulse pressure measure?

A

the elasticity and recoil of the arteries

100
Q

The diaphragm _____ as we inhale expanding the thoracic cavity, which causes a _____ in the intracthoracic pressure allowing blood vessels to open.

A

contracts

decrease

101
Q

Flattening of the diaphragm compresses the abdominopelvic cavity _______ intra-abdominal pressure. This squeezes the abdominal vessels, moving the blood up to the throacic cavity.

A

increasing

102
Q

_______ is the amount of friction the blood experiences as it is transported through the blood vessels.

A

peripheral resistance

103
Q

The diaphragm as we exhale _____ compressing the throracic cavity. This causes intrathoracic pressure to _____, compressing the vena cava to empty into the heart. Abdominopelvic cavity expands, ____ intra-abdominal pressure.

A

relaxes
increase
decreasing

104
Q

_____ are sensory receptors that responds to stretch.

A

baroreceptors

105
Q

Chemoreceptors are stimulated by:

A

increased CO2 levels
decreased pH levels
or very low O2 levels

106
Q

The two main chemoreceptors are the aortic bodies located in the arch of the aorta and the _____

A

cartoid body

107
Q

Angiotensin is produced in the _____.

A

liver

108
Q

Angiotensin II, aldosterone and ______ decrease urine output.

A

ADH

109
Q

Which hormone increases urine output?

A

ANP

110
Q

What is needed to convert agiotensignogen into angiotensin I?

A

Renin which is produced in the kidneys

111
Q

The largest lymphatic organ is?

A

spleen

112
Q

_____ is the amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one half of what had originally been secreted.

A

half life

113
Q

______ stimulation is when a hormone works on same cell secreted from.

A

autocrine

114
Q

Hormone release is stimulated by another hormone, changes in an ion concentration and _______.

A

nervous stimulation

115
Q

Lipid soluable hormones require _____ carrier proteins synthesized in the liver.

A

water soluble

116
Q

_____ % of lipid soluble hormones are bound and readily available source to maintain homeostasis.

A

90-99%

117
Q

_____ hormones do not require carrier proteins.

A

water soluble

118
Q

What are the three types of hormones?

A

steroids
proteins
biogenic amines

119
Q

A ______ hormone is one that doesn’t release into the blood but instead works on local cells.

A

local hormone

120
Q

_____ hormones bind receptors within the cytosol/nucleus of the cell to from a hormone-receptor complex (HRC)

A

lipid soluble hormone

121
Q

Once HRCs are formed they bind sections of DNA called ____.

A

hormone response elements (HREs)

122
Q

Once HRE are formed this causes _____ of a specific mRNA and thus the synthesis of a specific protein.

A

transcription

123
Q

Transcritption of a specific mRNA leading to the synthesis of a specific protein results in either an _______ or a shift in the cell’s metabolic activities (if this new protein in an enzyme)

A

alteration in cell structure (such as growth)

124
Q

In signal transduction, the first messenger is always a ________ signalling molecule which causes the formation of a second messenger.

A

water soluble hormone

125
Q

Signal transduction starts with the activation of a _____.

A

G protein

126
Q

Activated G protein will stimulate one of two different pathways: _________ or phospholipase C.

A

adenlate cyclase

127
Q

In the phospholipase C pathway, activated G protein binds another plasma membrane protein called ______.

A

phopholipase C

128
Q

Phospholipase C splits PIP2 into two messengers: ________ and IP3.

A

DAG

129
Q

follicular cells/iodine/throglobin

A

?

130
Q

______ is an insulin like growth factor.

A

IGF

131
Q

IGFs are produced and released from ___ because GH stimulation.

A

hepatocytes in the liver

132
Q

Why are IGF’s stronger than growth hormones?

A

they have a longer half life

133
Q

IGFs pr

A

?

134
Q

The largest endocrine structure in the body is _____

A

the thyrodi

135
Q

Follicular cells (thyroid) produce a glycoproteins called thyroglobin whichis screated and stored within the colloid. There is binds with _____ and forms into DIT and MIT (thyroid hormone precuresors)

A

iodine

136
Q

Hypothatlmic-pituitary axis

A

TRH released by hypothlamus
release of TSH from AP
TH’s from thyroid

137
Q

Thyroid hormone increases protein synthesis in which cells of the body?

A

all cells especially neurons

138
Q

_____ acts as a blood reservoir and storage site for both erythorocytes and platelets.

A

spllen

139
Q

Phagocytosis of old defective erthrocyes and platelets from ciruculation is the function of the ______ .

A

spleen

140
Q

The ____ completes phagocytosis of bacteria and other foreign material in the blood as part of the body’s defense.

A

spleen

141
Q

Thyroid hormones increase production of Na/K pumps. The action of more pumps generating heat is called the_____.

A

calorigenic effect

increases body temperature!

142
Q

The primary lympatic structures are involved in the formation and _____ of lymphocytes.

A

maturation (red bone marrow and thymus)

143
Q

Secondary structures in the lymphatic system serve to ____ both lymphocytes and other immune cells following their formation

A

house

144
Q

The thymulin hormone is secreted by the ______ in the T lymph.

A

thymus

145
Q

_____ is found in the lymph small intestines (payer patches) nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodes.

A

MALT

146
Q

______ immunity is an immediate response to wide array of substances.

A

innate

147
Q

____ provide a non specific defense against viral infections.

A

interferons

148
Q

IL, TNF, CSF, IFN are ____.

A

cytokines

149
Q

_____ are cell adhesion molecules that stimulate inflammation in the 2nd step.

A

CAMs

150
Q

An antibody contains a variable region that contains antigen binding sites and a constant region that determines the _____.

A

biological function of the antibody

151
Q

Immunity acquired from the mothers breast milk is passive and ____.

A

natural

152
Q

body comp fluid levels

A

?

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II (20 decks)

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