Final Flashcards
______ is composed of 92% water, plasma proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes.
plasma
____ make are the most abundant plasma protein.
albumins
Albumins are made in the ____.
liver
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen and Regulatory proteins are types of ______.
plasma proteins
Gamma-globulins are made in ______.
leukocytes
______ have the greatest influences on osmotic pressure in plasma because they are the most abundant plasma protein.
albumins
_____ transport ions, hormones, and some lipids in blood.
albumins
Alpha and Beta Globulins transport certain _____ molecules and hormones.
water insoluble
Gamma globulins are also called _______.
immunoglobulins (antibodies)
_____ globulins are made by leukocytes and play a role in the body’s defenses.
Gamma
_______ along with other clotting factors is responsible for blood clot formation.
fibrinogen
What are the three types of formed elements?
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
_______ is the percentage of formed elements in the blood.
hematocrit
______ are formed elements that lack a nucleus and cellular organs; packed with hemoglobin.
erthrocytes
_______ transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and lungs.
erthyrocytes
______ is red-pigmented protein within RBCs.
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin binds oxygen and _______.
carbon dioxide
Each hemoglobin molecule is composed of four globins; 2 _____ chains and ____ chains, a heme group, and an iron.
4 total = 2 alpha chains & 2 beta chains
Blood is ___ when oxygenated.
red
Blood is ____ when deoxygenated.
dark red (almost brown)
Old erythrocytes are broken down in the ______.
liver/spleen
Leukocytes that have visible granules are called ______.
granulocytes
Leukocytes with smaller granules not visible are called ______.
agranulocytes
Most numerous of leukocytes in the blood are ______.
neutrophils.
______ transform into large phagocytic cells called macrophages.
monocytes
Which three white blood cells are phagocytic cells?
neutrophils
monocytes
eosinophils
List the white blood cells in order of most to least prevalent.
Neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophils, basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
______ is the production of formed elements.
Hematopoiesis
What are the three formed elements?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Hematopoiesis occurs in ______.
red bone marrow
Erythropoietin (EPO) is not produced in the liver, but the in the ______.
kidneys
Erythropoieten is released when there is a ________ oxygen levels.
decrease in blood
Erythropoieten is inhibited when an ______ in blood oxygen levels are detected.
increase
_______ hormone has an influence on erythropoietin secretion.
testosterone
All _______ stem from myeloid stem cells.
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes, _____, granulocytes, and _______ stem from myeloid stem cells.
monocytes? mabye one more
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells are formed from _______.
lymphoid stem cells
What cell resides in the bone marrow and loses pieces of its cytoplasm to form platelets?
megakaryocytes ?
The three stages of hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding)
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation phase
Forming a clot?
?
What do the chemicals released by platelets do?
vascular spasms
attract more platelets
stimulate the third phase of blood clotting
stimulate replication of necessary cells.
What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?
vascular spasms
platelets plug formation
coagulation phase
_____ pathway is initiated by damage to the inside of the vessel.
intrinsic
_____ pathway is initiated by damage to the outside of the cell.
extrinsic
Clot retraction includes platelets squeezing ______ out of developing clots causing clots to become smaller as vessel walls are pulled closer together.
serum
Universal blood donor?
O-
Universal blood recipient?
AB+
Which antigen is responsible for the Rh blood group?
D
Do we naturally produce antibodies in the Rh blood group?
No, they are acquired
The blood coming into the right side of the heart is _____ blood.
deoxygenated (comes from body and goes to lungs)
The right AV valve is called the ______.
tricuspid valve
The left AV valve is called the ________.
bicuspid or mitral valve
The _______ valves sit between the atria and ventricles of each side of the heart.
atrioventricular valves (AV)
The chordae tendineae are connected to the _______.
AV valves
The _______ pericardium is the outermost layer of the heart.
fibrous
The fibrous pericardium is made of ________ connective tissue.
dense irregular
The fibrous pericardium anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity and prevents _______.
over expansion of chambers
The three layers of the heart.
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
The middle layer of the heart wall is called the ______.
Myocardium
The myocardium is the ____ layer of the heart wall.
thickest
The myocardium is made of _______ muscle and contains intercalated discs.
cardiac
The outermost layer of the heart is called the epicardium. What is another name for this layer?
visceral pericardium
What structure of the heart acts as an electric insulator by preventing ventricles from contracting at the same time as the atria?
fibrous skeleton
______ node initiates heart beat.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Is commonly referred to as the pacemaker.
sinoatrial (SA) node
_____ cells are found within the SA node (pacemaker cells)
nodal cells
Nodal cells initiate heartbeat by ________ depolarizing to generate an action potential
spontaneously
The RMP of nodal cells is ________.
-60mV
How are myocytes different than nodal cells?
RMP is -90mV instead of -60mV and the Ca++ channels are slow in myoctes but fast in nodal cells
Can cardiac muscle cells achieve tetany?
no
Systole is _____ of the heart chamber, increasing pressure within heart chamber.
contraction
Diastole is _____ of the heart chamber, decreases pressure within the heart chamber.
relaxation
_____ is the max blood volume within ventricles before ventricular contraction (systole)
EDV
End diastolic volume
The ________ is when the atria relax, ventricles contract causing no movement of blood.
isovolumetric contraction
What division of the autonomic system not only changes heart rate, but also increases the strength of the contraction?
sympathetic
______ is an increase in CO2 above resting level.
Cardiac reserve
CR = CO exercising - CO resting
_____ measures the level and duration of physical effort an individual can engage in.
Cardiac reserve
______ is the volume of blood ejected per heart beat.
stroke volume
The stroke volume is dependent upon volume of blood that enters the heart (EDV) and how much is _____ (ESV).
ejected
_____ is the resistance in arteries to ejection of blood from heart.
afterload
_______ states as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, there is a greater stretch of the heart wall, resulting in greater overlapping of the thick and thin filaments in the sarcomeres, allowing for a greater number of cross-bridge formation, causing more forceful ventricular contraction (thus an increased stroke volume)
Frank Starling Law
_____ have a larger lumen and contain valves.
veins
Arteries can withstand a _____ range of blood pressure than veins.
higher
40-100 vs 0-20
_______ is an alternative pathway with blood flow through two capillary beds connected by a portal vein i.e. liver.
portal system
The largest arteries are called _____ arteries.
elastic
Most common type of capillaries are called ______.
continuous
_____ play a significant role in blood pressure regulation and blood flow.
arterioles
Fenestrated capillaries are found in the ______, endocrine glands, choroid plexus, ciliary process of eyes and small intestines.
kidneys!
_____ is the joining together of blood vessels.
anastomoses
Due to lungs not being functional, blood pressure in the ____ side of the heart is greater than the _____ side of the heart.
right side
left side
The larger the cross sectional area of a vessel, the _______ blood pressure (velocity)
lower
________ is the movement of fluid, by bulk flow out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid (occurs on the arterial end of capillary)
filtration
______ is the movement of fluid, by bulk flow, into the blood from the intestitial fluid (occurs on venous end of capillary)
reabsorption
What cell resides in the bone marrow and loses pieces of its cytoplasm to form platelets?
megakaryocytes
Filtration is the movement of fluid and ions _____ of the blood.
out
Reabsorption is the movement of fluid and ions ____ the blood.
into
_____ is the average measure of the blood pressure forces on the arteries.
Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)
MAP equation
Diastolic BP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
1/3 pulse pressure = (systolic - diastolic)/3
What does pulse pressure measure?
the elasticity and recoil of the arteries
The diaphragm _____ as we inhale expanding the thoracic cavity, which causes a _____ in the intracthoracic pressure allowing blood vessels to open.
contracts
decrease
Flattening of the diaphragm compresses the abdominopelvic cavity _______ intra-abdominal pressure. This squeezes the abdominal vessels, moving the blood up to the throacic cavity.
increasing
_______ is the amount of friction the blood experiences as it is transported through the blood vessels.
peripheral resistance
The diaphragm as we exhale _____ compressing the throracic cavity. This causes intrathoracic pressure to _____, compressing the vena cava to empty into the heart. Abdominopelvic cavity expands, ____ intra-abdominal pressure.
relaxes
increase
decreasing
_____ are sensory receptors that responds to stretch.
baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors are stimulated by:
increased CO2 levels
decreased pH levels
or very low O2 levels
The two main chemoreceptors are the aortic bodies located in the arch of the aorta and the _____
cartoid body
Angiotensin is produced in the _____.
liver
Angiotensin II, aldosterone and ______ decrease urine output.
ADH
Which hormone increases urine output?
ANP
What is needed to convert agiotensignogen into angiotensin I?
Renin which is produced in the kidneys
The largest lymphatic organ is?
spleen
_____ is the amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one half of what had originally been secreted.
half life
______ stimulation is when a hormone works on same cell secreted from.
autocrine
Hormone release is stimulated by another hormone, changes in an ion concentration and _______.
nervous stimulation
Lipid soluable hormones require _____ carrier proteins synthesized in the liver.
water soluble
_____ % of lipid soluble hormones are bound and readily available source to maintain homeostasis.
90-99%
_____ hormones do not require carrier proteins.
water soluble
What are the three types of hormones?
steroids
proteins
biogenic amines
A ______ hormone is one that doesn’t release into the blood but instead works on local cells.
local hormone
_____ hormones bind receptors within the cytosol/nucleus of the cell to from a hormone-receptor complex (HRC)
lipid soluble hormone
Once HRCs are formed they bind sections of DNA called ____.
hormone response elements (HREs)
Once HRE are formed this causes _____ of a specific mRNA and thus the synthesis of a specific protein.
transcription
Transcritption of a specific mRNA leading to the synthesis of a specific protein results in either an _______ or a shift in the cell’s metabolic activities (if this new protein in an enzyme)
alteration in cell structure (such as growth)
In signal transduction, the first messenger is always a ________ signalling molecule which causes the formation of a second messenger.
water soluble hormone
Signal transduction starts with the activation of a _____.
G protein
Activated G protein will stimulate one of two different pathways: _________ or phospholipase C.
adenlate cyclase
In the phospholipase C pathway, activated G protein binds another plasma membrane protein called ______.
phopholipase C
Phospholipase C splits PIP2 into two messengers: ________ and IP3.
DAG
follicular cells/iodine/throglobin
?
______ is an insulin like growth factor.
IGF
IGFs are produced and released from ___ because GH stimulation.
hepatocytes in the liver
Why are IGF’s stronger than growth hormones?
they have a longer half life
IGFs pr
?
The largest endocrine structure in the body is _____
the thyrodi
Follicular cells (thyroid) produce a glycoproteins called thyroglobin whichis screated and stored within the colloid. There is binds with _____ and forms into DIT and MIT (thyroid hormone precuresors)
iodine
Hypothatlmic-pituitary axis
TRH released by hypothlamus
release of TSH from AP
TH’s from thyroid
Thyroid hormone increases protein synthesis in which cells of the body?
all cells especially neurons
_____ acts as a blood reservoir and storage site for both erythorocytes and platelets.
spllen
Phagocytosis of old defective erthrocyes and platelets from ciruculation is the function of the ______ .
spleen
The ____ completes phagocytosis of bacteria and other foreign material in the blood as part of the body’s defense.
spleen
Thyroid hormones increase production of Na/K pumps. The action of more pumps generating heat is called the_____.
calorigenic effect
increases body temperature!
The primary lympatic structures are involved in the formation and _____ of lymphocytes.
maturation (red bone marrow and thymus)
Secondary structures in the lymphatic system serve to ____ both lymphocytes and other immune cells following their formation
house
The thymulin hormone is secreted by the ______ in the T lymph.
thymus
_____ is found in the lymph small intestines (payer patches) nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodes.
MALT
______ immunity is an immediate response to wide array of substances.
innate
____ provide a non specific defense against viral infections.
interferons
IL, TNF, CSF, IFN are ____.
cytokines
_____ are cell adhesion molecules that stimulate inflammation in the 2nd step.
CAMs
An antibody contains a variable region that contains antigen binding sites and a constant region that determines the _____.
biological function of the antibody
Immunity acquired from the mothers breast milk is passive and ____.
natural
body comp fluid levels
?
