FINAL FINAL Flashcards
Gonads produce ______ which create new individuals when merged.
gametes
The female gamete is an _______.
oocyte
The male gamete is a _____.
sperm
_____ is when primordial follicles regress from 1.5 million –> 400,000.
Atresia
Spermatids are formed in ______.
Spermiogenesis
The ____ of sperm contains mitochondria necessary for energy production and a centriole.
midpiece (neck)
_______ stimulation is needed for an erection and ______ is needed for ejaculation.
parasympathetic
sympathetic
Prostrate enlargement occurs with age and can interferes with ______ and ______ functions.
sexual and urinary
_____ follicles are surrounded by thecal cells which secrete androgens needed to make estrogen.
primordial
At the end of the pre-embryonic period a ______ is left.
blastocyst
In the pre-embryonic stage it begins with fertilization which leads to a ______, then to a blastocyst.
zygote
A _____ is formed when the zona pellucida starts to degenerate allowing fluid to enter the morula forming a fluid filled cavity.
blastocyst
The two distinct component of a blastocyst?
trophoblast and embryoblast
_____ is responsible for relaxation of ligamentous joints such as sacroiliac joins and pubic symphysis.
estrogen
____ is responsible for functional layer growth and prevention of menstruation
progesterone
Fetal blood and maternal blood ___, but bloodstreams so are so close they allow for the exchanges of gases and nutrients.
do not mix unless something goes wrong
Left and right sides of the embryo curve and migrate toward the midline during ______
transverse folding
_____ are contractions (braxton-hicks) are not strong enough to results in the three stages of True labor.
false labor
Labor is also known as ________.
parturition
Increased levels of progesterone lead to an increase in breathing rate, increasing the mothers ______
oxygen consumption
____ is the establishment of primary germ layers by the epiblast.
gastrulation
______ is when uterine contractions that increase in intensity and regulatory and that results in changes to the cervix
true labor
The _____ causes the mother to metabolize more fatty acids, saving glucose for the fetus.
HPL
______ are hormone like substances released from seminal vesicles that promotes widening and dilation of external os of cervix
prostaglandins
Labor - positive feedback
Positive feedback mechanism
Contractions intensify causing fetus’s head to push against the cervix
This stimulates the stretching and dilation of the cervix
This stimulates the release of more oxytocin
Contractions also stimulate the placenta to secrete more prostaglandins
End of positive feedback is when the fetus and placenta are expelled from the body
True labor has three stages:
dilation, expulsion, placental
The longest of the three stages of true labor.
dilation stage
During the ____ stage the amniotic sac releases the amniotic fluid (water breaking)
dilation stage
The three primary germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
The pituitary gland is made by the _____.
ectoderm
At the end of the 1st trimester the mother is carrying a ______.
festus
A series of mitotic divisions resulting in an increase in cell number, but not an increase in the overall size of the structure is called ______.
cleavage
At the 16-cell stage (4 divisions) the zygote is called a _____ and enters the ______ of the uterus.
morula
lumen
The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall because ________.
pump blood with greater pressure
If the vagal nerve to the heart was cut what would happen?
It would cause a increase in heart rate
vagal tone
?
Which does NOT help maintain lymph flow?
a. smooth muscle contraction
b. breathing
c. beating cilia against pseudostratified epithelium
c. skeleton muscle contraction
beating cilia against pseudostratified epithelium
The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestines in the small intestines stimulates it to release ______ to release _________.
a. gastrin/ liver
b. cck / gallblader secretion
c. secretin / stomach secretion
d. cck / pancreatic secretion
B. CCK/gallbladder secretion
An actively contracting muscle will produce acid molecules lowering pH causing hemoglobin to release _______ oxygen.
more oxygen and the curve will shift to the right
Oxygen Saturation curve
?
The stomach lining is protected from stomach acid by the ________.
a. bicarbonate layer
b. gap junctions
bicarbonate layer
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when :
TH to AP
The zona glomerulsa of the adrenal cortex helps to regulate:
salt/water balance (aldosterone)
Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to _______.
upregulate receptors to increase sensitivity
To compensate for significant blood loss the ANS triggers ________.
vasoconstriciton and an increased heart rate
How are NA levels and BP related?
increased NA levels, cause increased blood volume, increase BP
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends mostly on the permability properties of the ______.
loop of henle (nephron loop)
Insulin glucose curve
?
Chris secreted less insulin or his insulin has less effect
Which structure in the heart gives rise to this electrical area on the action potential curve (plateau)?
VG calcium in
VG potassium out
balancing each other = plateau
Which is an example of a positive feedback loop?
Opening NA channel causing more ions to flow in channels MORE MORE MORE
Which would happen to a women that lacked thecal cells?
sterility
The organ involved in reducing the chances of autoimmune disorder?
thymus
When someone loses a lot of blood they tend to not urinate for a few days because. _________.
Glomerular BP decreased
After eating too much it can be hard to breath because _______.
full stomach impedes diaphragm contraction
Influence blood pressure:
excessive rbc production would increase blood pressure
Increased release in both glucose and fatty acid are not caused by ______.
PTH - only influences calcium release
Release of breast milk occurs when ______ cause _______ contract.
oxytocin causes the release
contracts myoepitheal cells?
Not a function of liver:
synthesize chylomicrons - in intestines
The lungs do not collapse do not collapse after exhalation because
intrapleural pressure is lower than intrapulmonary
When blood becomes more alkaline than normal the renal tubules secrete ______.
bicarbonate and reabsorbing H+ ions
If a patient loses a lot of blood the aorta will have less stretch, what will happen?
cardiac output will increase
Ovulation occurs when during your 28 day cycle?
day 14
What triggers menstruation?
a decrease in all hormone, but especially estrogen and progesterone
In the scrotum cools down the testicular artery via the ______.
pampinform plexus
______ cells are non dividing support cells that protect developing sperm by creating the blood testis barrier.
sustentacular
The flow of sperm
Seminiferous tubules –> rete testis –> efferent ducturles –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> prostatic urethra
Where would you find the intersitial cells and what do they do.
outside of the seminiferous tubules and they make androgens
What binds testosterone to keep it in the testis and where does it come from?
ABP, susententacular cells
What two muscles within the testis help to move them for optimal temperature?
dartos and cremaster
Semen normally contain ______ sperm.
200-500 million
______ is needed to neutralize the acidity of the vagina as well as nourish the sperm.
seminal fluid
During the ______ phase of female sexual response mammary glands, clitoris, vaginal wall, bulbs of the vetibule and labia become engorged; vestibular glands within vagina produce mucin for lubrication; uterus shifts from anteverted position to more erect position, inferior part of vaginal wall constricts slightly.
excitement phase
At the 16 cell stage (4 divisions) the zygote is called a ______. This division takes place within the zona pellucida.
morula
During implantation what two layers does the trophoblast divide into?
cytorophoblast and synctiotrophoblast
The embryoblast differentiates into what two layers?
hypoblast and epiblast
The _____ is formed by both cytotrophoblast cells and synctiotrophoblast (trophoblast)
chorion, which is the fetal layer of the placenta
What is the function of relaxin?
promotes blood vessel growth in uterus
Estrogen/progesterone/HPL cause _____.
increased insulin resistance
___ is produced by the synctiotrophoblast and signals corpus luteum to continue secreting estrogen/progesterone to thicken and maintain uterine lining.
HCG
The extraembryonic membrane contains the yolk sac, _____ and chorion.
amnion
The _______ develops into the pituitary gland.
ecotderm
The placenta secrete HCT, CRH, relaxing, and estrogen/progesterone, but not _____.
HCG
What two hormones cause labor to increase?
estrogen and oxytocin
Which hormone is responsible for a mothers increase in oxygen consumption?
progesterone
True Breast Milk vs Colustrum
Breast more fat several growth factors essential fatty acids specific enzymes for digestion more lactose
Colustrum less fat high in IgA lower in fat higher in calcium
_______ digestion involves specific enzymes to break chemical bonds, making smaller molecules for absorption.
chemical absorption
______ digestion is when food is physically broken down. (no chemical changes)
mechanical
______ is the alternating contraction sequence causing the pushing of ingested material through the GI tract.
peristalsis
______ is the kneading motion within different regions of the GI tract that lack directional movement.
mixing
All ____ decidous teeth are lost and relaced with ____ permanent teeth.
20
32
_____ do not included in the deciduous teeth.
molars
ICPM stands for
incisor/ canines/ premolars/ molars
This is the dental formula for most children
212/212
This is the dental formula for most adults
2123/2123
The superior 1/3 of the esophagus is _____.
skeletal muscle fibers
The middle 1/3 of the esophagus is ______.
skeletal and smooth muscle
The bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is _____.
smooth muscle
______ line the stomach lumen and extend into gastric pits. They secrete alkaline product with mucin to prevent ulceration of the stomach lining.
surface mucous cells
______ line base of gastric pits into the gastric glands. They produce an acidic mucin to help maintain the secretion of the HCl.
mucous neck cells
The ______ reflex is initiated by the thought, smell, sight, or taste of food.
cephalic
_____ absorb lipid and lipid-soluble vitamins that can’t be absorbed into the bloodstream.
lacteal
The ______ absorb water and electrolytes from remaining digestive material.
large intestines
Pancreatic ____ digest starch.
amylase
Pancreastic ____ digest triglycerides.
lipase
______ needed for protein digestion.
inactive proteases
____ are needed for digestion of nucleotides.
nucleases
_____ is released in response to fat
CCk
_____ is released in response to acidic chyme.
secretin
Wave of peristalic muscular contraction moves through pylorus toward pyloric sphincter creating a pressure gradient to ______ the spincter.
open
