Chapter 19 Flashcards
Blood must circulate continuously to maintain ____ in the body: It must do so whether you are resting in bed or participating in exercise.
homeostasis
Circulation of the blood is accomplished by the _________, which is composed of both the heart and the blood vessels.
cardiovascular system
The general function of the cardiovascular system is to transport blood throughout the body to allow the exchange of _____ between the blood of capillaries and the body’s ___.
substances (respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes)
cells
The “goal” of the cardiovascular system is to provide adequate perfusion of all _____.
body tissues
____ is the delivery of blood per unit time per gram of tissue.
perfusion
Perfusion is typically expressed in mililiters per minute per gram. _____ perfusion involves delivering sufficient blood to maintain the health of all body cells.
Adequate
The continual pumping action of the heart and health , unblocked vessels are essential to maintain good blood _____ and ample ____.
circulation
perfusion
If the heart fails to pump sufficient volumes of blood, or the vessels become hardened or occluded (blocked), then an adequate amount of blood may not reach ____. Thus the tissues will be deprived of need oxygen and nutrients, waste products accumulate, and ____ may occur.
the body’s cells
cell death
The three types of blood vessels
arteries
veins
capillaries
____ carry blood away from the heart.
arteries
____ carry blood back to the heart.
veins
_____ serve as the sites of exchange, either between the blood and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs or the blood and systemic cells.
capillaries
Blood low in O2 and high in CO2
deoxygenated
Blood high in O2 and low in CO2
oxygenated
The ___ is the center of the cardiovascular system.
heart
A hollow, four chambered organ,, serving to pump blood throughout the body.
heart
Three anatomical features are significant in the normal function of the heart: 1 the two sides of the heart 2: the great vessels attached to the heart 3: the _____ that are located within the heart.
two sets of valves
The heart is composed of two sides: the right side and the ___ side.
left
Each side of the heart has two chambers: a superior chamber for _____ blood called an ___ and an inferior chamber for ____ blood away from the heart called a _____.
receiving
atrium
pumping
ventricle
The two sides of the heart allow separation of circulating _____ and ____ blood.
dexoygenated
oxygenated
The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the ___.
lungs
The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the ___.
body
Blood is transported directly to and from the chambers of the heart by the ____ that are continuous with the specific chambers of the heart.
great vessels
The great vessels include two large arteries or arterial trunks, _____ and ____, as well as 2 large veins, ___ and ____.
pulmonary trunk
aorta
SVC and IVC
pulmonary veins
The ____ which splits into pulmonary arteries carries blood from the right ventricle.
pulmonary trunk
The ___carries blood from the left ventricle.
aorta
Large veins deliver blood to the heart atrium via the _____ and the _____, which drain blood into the right atrium.
superior and inferior vena cava
The ___ drain blood into the left atrium
pulmonary veins
The ____ valves are between the atrium and ventricle of each side of the heart.
atrioventricular valves (AV)
The right AV valve, is also called the ____ valve, is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
tricuspid valve
The left AV valve, is also called the ___ or ____ valve, is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
mitral or bicuspid valve
The ____ valves, mark the boundary between a ventricle and its associated arterial trunk.
semilunar
The _____ valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary semilunar valve
The ___ valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta.
aortic semilunar valve
The valves open to allow blood to flow through the heart and then to close to prevent ____. This ensures one-way or unidirectional, flow of blood through the heart.
backflow
The two sides of the heart and the blood vessels are arranged in to circuits: the ____ circulation and the _____ circulation.
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
The pulmonary circulation includes the movement of deoxygenated blood through the ____ of the heart, blood vessels to the ____ to pickup oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide, and blood vessels that ___ blood to the the left side of the heart.
right side of the heart
lungs
return
The systemic circulation includes the movement of oxygenated blood through the ____ side of the heart, blood vessels to the systemic cells such as those of the liver, skin, muscle, and brain for ______ and blood vessels that return blood to the ____ of the heart.
left
exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes
right
Blood flow through the pulmonary circulation
- deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the SVC and IVC as well as the coronary sinus
- passes through the right av valve (tricuspid)
- enters the right ventricle
- passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve
- enters the pulmonary trunk
- blood continues through the right and left pulmonary arteries to both lungs
- the blood enters the pulmonary capillaries of both lungs for gas exchange
- this blood is now oxygenated, enter the right and left pulmonary veins and is returned to
- the left atrium of the heart
Blood flow through the system circulation
- oxygenated blood enters the left atrium
- the blood passes through the left av valve (mitral or bicuspid)
- the blood enters the left ventricle
- the blood passes through the aortic semilunar valve
- enters the aorta
- the blood is distributed by the systemic arteries
- enters systemic capillaries for nutrient and gas exchange
- this blood which is now deoxygenated, ultimately drains into the SVC and IVC, and coronary sinus
- enters the right atrium
The heart is located within the ___ cavity and is enclosed within a fibroserous sac called the ____; both of these structures have roles in protection and support of the heart.
thoracic
pericardium
The heart is located ____ to the sternum left of the body midline between the lungs within the _____.
posterior
mediastinum
The ___ side of ___ border of the heart is located more anteriorly, whereas its ___ side or ___ border is located more posteriorly.
right
left
The postero-superior surface of the heart is called the ___.
base
The inferior, conical end of the heart is called the ___.
apex
The heart is enclosed in three layers, collectively called the ____.
pericardium
The _____ which is composed of tough, dense irregular connective tissue that encloses the heart, but does not attach to it
fibrous peridcardium
The ____ of the serous pericardium is composed of simple squamous epithelium and an underlying delicate layer of ___ connective tissue, adheres to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. (walls of cavity)
parietal layer
aerolar connective tissue
The ___ layer of the serous pericardium (also called the ____) is also composed of a simple squamous epithelium and underlying delicate layer of areolar connective tissue. This layer adheres directly to the heart.
visceral layer
epidcardium
The two serosal layers of the heart are continuous with one another and separated by a potential space called the ____.
pericardial cavity
The tough fibrous pericardium serves to both ___ the heart within the thoracic cavity and prevent the heart chambers from _____ with blood.
anchor
overfilling
_____ is an inflammation of the pericardium typically caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. The inflammation is associated with an increase in permeability of capillaries within the pericardium, which become more “leaky” resulting in excess fluid leaving the blood and accumulating within the pericardial cavity.
Pericarditis
_____ is a helpful physical finding in diagnosing pericarditis. This is a crackling or scraping sound heard with a stethoscope that is caused by the movement of the inflamed pericardial layers against each other.
friction rub
The heart is a relatively small, conical, muscular organ approximately the size of a ____.
person’s clenched fist
In the average normal adult heart, it weights about ___ grams, but certain diseases may cause heart size to increase dramatically.
300 grams or 0.7 pounds
The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by a relatively deep groove called the ____ that extends around the circumference of the heart.
coronary sulcus or atrioventricular sulcus
An ____ sulcus is a groove between the ventricles that extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus toward the the heart apex and delineates the superficial boundary between the right and left ventricles.
interventricular
The ____ sulcus is located on the anterior side of the heart. Located within are the coronary vessels associated with supplying blood to the heart.
anterior interventricular sulcus
The ____ sulcus is located on the posterior side of the heart. Located within are the coronary vessels associated with supplying blood to the heart.
posterior interventricular sulcus
The portion of the right atrium that is most noticeable is its wrinkled, flaplike extension called the _____.
right auricle
The portion of the left atrium that is wrinkled and flaplike extension called ____.
left auricle
The walls of the ventricles are ____ then the walls of the atria; this is because the ventricles are the “_______.”
thicker
pumping chambers
The wall of the left ventricle is typically ____ times thicker than the right ventricular wall because the ____ ventricle must generate enough pressure to force the blood through the entire systemic circulation.
three times
left
The right ventricle has to pump blood to the ___.
nearby lungs
There are three distinctive layers that compose the wall of each chamber: an external epicardium, a thick middle myocardium, and an internal ____.
endocardium
The ____ is the outermost heart layer and is also called the _____.
epicardium
visceral layer
The epicardium or ____ layer is composed of ____ epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue.
visceral layer
simple squamous
As we age, the epicardium thickens as it becomes more invested with ____.
adipose connective tissue
The ____ is the middle layer of the heart wall. It is composed of ____ tissue and is the thickest of the three heart wall layers.
myocardium
cardiac muscle
Contraction of cardiac muscled composing the myocardium generates the force necessary to ____.
pump blood
The internal surface of the heart and the external surfaces of the heart valves are covered by ____.
endocardium
The endocardium is composed of ______ and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue. The epithelial layer of the endocardium is continuous with the ___ layer of the endothelium, which lines the _____.
simple squamous epithelium
epithelial layer
blood vessels
The right and left atrial chambers are separated by a thin wall called the ______ .
interatrial septum
The right and left ventricles are separated by a thick wall called the _____.
interventricular septum
The interventricular septum is delineated on the heart’s superficial surface with the _____.
interventricular sulci
The internal wall of the right atrium is smooth on its posterior surface, but exhibits muscular ridges, called ___ on its anterior wall and within the aricle.
pectinate muscles
The interatrial septum reveals an oval depression called the ____. It occupies the former location of the fetal _____, which shunted blood from the right atrium, bypassing the lungs during the fetal life.
fossa ovalis
foramen ovale
Immediately inferior to the fossa ovalis is the opening of the _____, which drains deoxygenated blood from the heart wall.
coronary sinus
Openings at the top and bottom of the chamber for the ___ and ____ are also visible in the right atrium.
IVC and SVC
Separating the right atrium from the right ventricle is the AV opening that contains the AV valve, also called the ____.
tricuspid valve
The internal wall surface of the right ventricle displays characteristic large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges, called the ____.
trabeculae carnea
Extending from the internal wall of the right ventricle are typically three cone shaped, muscular projections called ____.
papillary muscles (the number can range from 2 to 9)
Papillary muscles anchor thin strands of collagen fibers called _____ or _______ which are attached to the right atrioventricular valve.
tendinous cords or chordae tendineae
The superior portion of the right ventricle narrows into a smooth-walled region leading into the _____.
pulmonary trunk
The _____ valve is positioned between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary semilunar valve
Like the right atrium, the left atrium has pectinate muscles in its _____.
auricle
The internal wall surface of the left ventricle also displays thin strands of collage fibers called _____ or ____ that anchor two papillary muscles.
tendinous cords or chordae tendineae
The entrance into the ____ is located at the superior aspect of the left ventricle.
aorta
The ______ valve is positioned at the boundary of the left ventricle and ascending aorta.
aortic semilunar valve
Effective blood flow requires valves to control blood flow and ensure it is _______.
one way
Each valve consists of _____ lined fibrous connective tissue flaps called cusps.
endothelium-lined
The right AV valve (tricuspid) covers the right ____ opening, and it has ___ cusps.
atrioventricular
three
The left AV valve (mitral or bicuspid) covers the left atrioventricular opening, but has only ___ cusps.
two
____ is one term used to indicate an increase in the thickness of the heart muscle wall (hypertrophy) or an obvious increase or enlargement in heart size due to stress applied to the heart.
Cardiomegaly
The enlargement of the heart seen in young athletes is caused by a condition called _______. This condition involves both an enlargement of the heart walls and a narrowing of the openings for the blood to pass through, which results in a decrease in cardiac output.
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
When the ventricles contract, blood is forced superiorly as ventricular pressure rises. This causes the AV valves to ___.
close
The papillary muscles secure the chordea tendineae that attache to the lower surface of each AV valve cusp which prevents the valve from inverting and being ____ into the atrium when the valve is closed.
pushed open
By being properly held in place, the cusps of the AV valves prevent blood flow back into the ___.
atrium
The semilunar valves are composed of _________, pocketlike semilunar cusps.
half moon shaped
Neither papillary muscles or chordeae tendineae are associated with ___.
semilunar valves
The semilunar valves open when the ____ contract and the force of he blood pushes the semilunar valves open and blood enters the arterial trunk.
ventricles
The semilunar valves close when the ventricles ____ and the pressure in the ventricle becomes less than the pressure in an arterial trunk.
relax
Blood in the arteries begins to move backward toward the ventricle and is caught in the cusps of the semilunar valves, and they ____. This prevents backflow into the ventricle.
close
Both ____ and elasticity of connective tissue composing heart valves decrease with aging or ____ which may cause the heart valves to become ____.
flexibility
disease
inflexible
When the heart valves become inflexible, blood flow through the heart may be altered, and a ______ may be detected.
heart murmur
The lub or S1 sound represent the _____ of the atrioventricular valves.
closing
The dupp or S2 sound represent the _____ of the semilunar valves.
closing
An abnormal heart sound, generally called a ___, is the first indication of heart valve problems. It is usually the result of turbulence of the blood as it passes through the heart, and may be caused by valvular leakage, decreased valve flexibility, or a misshapen valve.
heart murmur
A type of heart murmur called ____, occurs when one or more of the cardiac valves leaks because the valve cusps do no close tightly enough.
valvular insufficiency
A type of heart murmur called ___ is due to scarring of the valve cusps so that they become rigid or partially fused and cannot open completely.
valvular stenosis
A primary cause of valvular stenosis is ____ which may follow a streptococcal infection of the throat.
rheumatic heart disease
The myocardium is composed of ____.
cardiac muscle tissue
The cardiac muscle tissue is made up of relatively short, branched cells that usually house ___ or ___ nuclei.
one or two
The cardiac muscle cells are supported by ___ connective tissue, called and _____, that surrounds the cells
areolar connective
endomysium
Neighboring cardiac muscle cells have an extensively folded ____ that permits ajoining membranes to interconnect, increasing exposed surface areas between neighboring cells.
sarcolemma
The folded sarcolemma that permits adjoining membranes to interconnect increases structural stability of the myocardium and facilitates ____ between cardiac muscle cells.
communication
____ are found at these cell to cell junctions. They link cardiac muscle cells together both ____ and ____ and contain two distinctive structural features.
Intercalated discs
mechanically and electrically
Intercalated discs have two distinctive structural features ____ and ___.
desmosomes and gap junctions
