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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the numerous cellular and molecular structures located through the body that function together in the bodies defense

A

immune system

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2
Q

The immune system has two categories

A

innate

adaptive

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3
Q

The innate immune system is _____.

A

non specific

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4
Q

The adaptive immune system is ____.

A

acquired

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5
Q

______ are Organisms that cause damage, or possibly death, to the host organism that they invade (pathogenic)

A

infectious agents

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6
Q

Five types of infectious agents

A 
bacteria
viruses
fungi
protozoans
multicellular parasites
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7
Q

______ microscopic, single-celled organisms (prokaryotic cell)

A

bacteria

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8
Q

______ are not cells, composed of DNA or RNA within a protein capsid.

A

viruses

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9
Q

_____ are eukaryotic cells with cell wall around plasma membrane

A

fungi

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10
Q

______ are eukaryotic cells with no cell wall

A

Protozoans

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11
Q

_________ are larger organisms such as tapeworms

A

Multicellular parasites

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12
Q

Innate and adaptive immunity are similar in that they both work to ____ us from potentially harmful agents.

A

protect

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13
Q

Innate and adaptive immunity differ in the ways that cells respond, the mechanisms involved in ______ of harmful substances and the ____ of time required for a response.

A

elimination

amount

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14
Q

Innate immunity responds ____ to a wide array of substances.

A

immediately

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15
Q

Adaptive immunity response is a ___ to specific antigens.

A

delayed response

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16
Q

What defenses are we born with?

A

innate immunity

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17
Q

Innate immunity includes barriers of skin and _______ that prevent entry.

A

mucosal membranes

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18
Q

Innate immunity includes non-specific_____ and _____ internal defenses.

A

cellular and molecular

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19
Q

Innate immunity does not require ____ exposure to the foreign substance.

A

previous

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20
Q

Adaptive immunity involves specific ____ and _____ which respond to different foreign substances called antigens to which we are exposed.

A

t-lymphocytes

b-lymphocytes

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21
Q

Adaptive immunity typically takes several ____ to be effective.

A

days

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22
Q

What are the five types of infectious agents?

A 
bacteria
fungi
protozoa
viruses
multicellular parasites
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23
Q

What are the two main types of immunity?

A

adaptive and innate

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24
Q

Which type of immunity takes longer to respond to a pathogen?

A

adaptive

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25
Q

Which type of immunity are we born with?

A

innate

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26
Q

Which type of immunity includes the skin and mucous membranes?

A

innate

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27
Q

Which type of immunity is activated by a specific antigen?

A

adaptive

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28
Q

Innate first line of defense (4)

A

physical barrier
secretions
normal flora
bacteria

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29
Q

Epithelial tissues of epidermis and connective tissues of dermis provide _______ to microbes

A

physical barrier

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30
Q

_______ from skin have antimicrobial substances

Sebum, lysozyme, defensins, and dermicidin

A

Secretions

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31
Q

______ reside on skin and prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms

A

Normal flora

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32
Q

________- produce mucus

contains lysozymes, defensins, and immunoglobulin A (IgA)

A

Mucosal membranes

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33
Q

_____ also line inside of body tracts and suppress the growth of other potentially more virulent types

A

bacteria

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34
Q

If microbes get past _____ they trigger the innate immunities second line of defense and maybe even adaptive immunity (third line of defense)

A

first line of defense

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35
Q

Innate immunities second line of defense includes ____, ____, and ____.

A

neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells

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36
Q

______ and _____ destroy infectious agents with the aid of lysosomes and their oxidative bursts (nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide)
Residue released by exocytosis

A

Neutrophils

macrophages

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37
Q

______ destroy infectious agents and then present fragments of the microbe on its cell surface (antigen presenting cell)
necessary for initiating adaptive immunity

A

Dendritic cells

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38
Q

_____ and mast cells are pro-inflammatory chemical-secreting cells

A

basophils

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39
Q

During cellular defense chemicals are released that include ____, _____, and _____.

A

histamine
heparin
eicosanoids

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40
Q

_____ increases both vasodilation and capillary permeability.

A

histamine

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41
Q

____ is an anticoagulant.

A

heparin

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42
Q

_____ increase inflammation.

A

Eicosanoids

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43
Q

Substances released by basophils and mast cells increase _____ from blood to injured tissue as well as attracting immune cells to the area.

A

fluid movement

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44
Q

_____ cells destroy a wide variety of cells.

A

Natural Killer

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45
Q

Natural killer cells destroy virus-infected, bacteria-infected, tumor and from _____.

A

transplanted tissue

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46
Q

NK cells are formed in _____ and circulate in blood and accumulate in lymph nodes, tonsils, and ____.

A

bone marrow

spleen

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47
Q

Natural killer cells provide _____ by releasing cytotoxic chemicals when coming in contact with unhealthy cells.

A

immune surveillance

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48
Q

____ forms pore in plasma membrane.

A

perforin

nk cells

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49
Q

____ enter cells and initiate apoptosis.

A

granzymes

nk cells

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50
Q

Eosinophils targets ___.

A

parasites

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51
Q

Eosinophils release enzymes and other substances that are ____ to the parasite.

A

lethal

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52
Q

Eosinophils release _____ to form pore in plasma membranes of parasitic cells.

A

proteins

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53
Q

_____ participate in allergy and asthma.

A

eosinophils

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54
Q

_____ participate in phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes.

A

eosinophils

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55
Q

______ are small soluble proteins produced by cells of both innate and adaptive immune system to regulate and facilitate immune system activity

A

cytokines

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56
Q

The function of _____ is a mean of communication between cells.

A

cytokines

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57
Q

____ control the development and behavior of effector cells of immunity.

A

Cytokines

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58
Q

____ regulate the inflammatory response.

A

Cytokines

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59
Q

____ function as weapons to destroy infected cells.

A

cytokines

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60
Q

Examples of cytokines.

A

interleukins IL
tumor necrosis factors TNF
colony-stimulating factors CSF
interferons IFN

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61
Q

An example of one of our first lines of defense.

A

mucosal membrane

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62
Q

What is the function of neturophils, macrophages and dendritic cells?

A

phagocytize unwanted substances

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63
Q

What is the function of both basophils and mast cells?

A

release chemicals to initate and create inflammation

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64
Q

What are the two chemicals secreated by natural killer cells?

A

perforins and granzymes

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65
Q

_______ Provide nonspecific defense against viral infections

A

interferons

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66
Q

Interferons include ____ and ___ produces by leukocytes and virus-infected cells.

A

INF alpha

INF beta

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67
Q

IFN alpha and IFN beta bind receptors of neighboring cells, preventing them from getting ____, which triggers synthesis of enzymes that both destroy RNA or DNA and inhibit synthesis of viral proteins.

A

infected

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68
Q

IFN alpha and IFN beta stimulate ___ cells to destroy virsu infected cells.

A

NK

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69
Q

IFN - y is produced by ____ and _____.

A

T lymphocytes and NK cells

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70
Q

IFN-y stimulates macrophages to destroy _____ cells.

A

virus infected

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71
Q

_____ is Composed of 30 plasma proteins that make up 10% of blood serum proteins

A

complement system

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72
Q

_____ complement proteins synthesized in liver and ____ in blood

A

inactive

activated

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73
Q

______ is when complement proteins activated by binding antibody

A

Classical pathway ~

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74
Q

_______ is when polysaccharides of certain bacterial and fungal cell walls bind directly with a complement protein

A

Alternative pathway ~

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75
Q

Complement system outcomes (4)

A

opsonization
inflammation
cytolysis
elimination of immune complexes

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76
Q

_____ ~ binding of a protein called opsonin enhances phagocytosis (complement protein binds instead of opsonin)

A

oposinzation

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77
Q

_____ is the activation of mast cells and basophils as well as attracting neutrophils and macrophages

A

inflammation

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78
Q

_____ forms a plasma membrane pore, allowing fluids to enter the cell and cause lysis. This is called a MAC (membrane attack complex)

A

cytolysis

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79
Q

MAC stands for

A

membrane attack complex

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80
Q

___________ links immune complexes to erythrocytes to be transported to the liver and spleen for destruction

A

Elimination of immune complexes

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81
Q

_____ is Immediate, local, nonspecific event that occurs in vascularized tissue against a great variety of injury causing stimuli

A

inflammation

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82
Q

Steps of inflammation

A

step 1: release of various chemicals
step 2: vascular changes
step 3: recruitmen of elukocytes
step 4: delivery of plasma proteins

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83
Q

What are CAMs?

A

cell-adhesion molecules

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84
Q

During the first step of inflammation Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, interleukins, TNF’s and chemotactic factors are released by damaged cells, basophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells and ____.

A

infectious organisms

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85
Q

Vasodilation occurs in which stage of inflammation?

A

second

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86
Q

LIST steps of inflammation

A

?

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87
Q

Interferons aid us in defense against what type of pathogens?

A

viruses

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88
Q

What does MAC stand for and what does it do?

A

membrane attack complex, pokes a hole in the plasma membrane causing cell lysis

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89
Q

What are three types of vascular changes that occur?

A

vasodilation, increased permeability, increased CAMS

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90
Q

What does CAM stand for and what is it’s function?

A

cell adhesion molecule, to bind leukocytes in the blood for movement into the damaged tissue

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91
Q

What is diapedesis

A

squeezing of leukocyte out of blood and into tissue

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92
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

migration of leukocytes to a damaged tissue due to a chemical gradient

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93
Q

The signs of inflammation include redness, heat, swellling, ____, and _____.

A

pain and loss of function

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94
Q

Redness is a sign of inflammation due to _____.

A

increased blood flow

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95
Q

Heat is a sign of inflammation due to the increased blood flow and increased _____ within the area.

A

metabolic activity

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96
Q

Swelling is a sign of inflammation due to an increase in _____ from capillaries.

A

fluid loss

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97
Q

Pain is a sign of inflammation due to ____, prostaglandins and substances released by microbes as well as compression of pain receptors due to swelling.

A

kinins

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98
Q

Loss of function is a sign of inflammation due to pain and swelling in more _____.

A

severe cases

99
Q

Inflammation causes a net movement of fluid from ____, through infected/injured area, and then into the lymphatic system

A

blood

100
Q

During inflammation vasodilation causes ___ into infected area.

A

more blood

101
Q

During inflammation increased capillary permeability causes endothelial cells to contract causing larger ____ allowing more fluid movement.

A

openings

102
Q

During inflammation a loss of plasma proteins decreases capillary osmotic pressure resulting in less ____ being retained and reabsorbed by the blood.

A

fluid

103
Q

Inflammation causes Increased _________ in interstitial fluid increases fluid uptake into the lymphatic capillaries carrying unwanted substances with it which can then stimulate a systemic immune response

A

hydrostatic pressure

104
Q

____ is An abnormal elevation of body temperature of at least 1.8°F

A

fever

105
Q

A ____ Results from release of fever-inducing molecules called pyrogens (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-)

A

fever

106
Q

_____ target hypothalamus and cause release of prostaglandins E2 which increases the set point

A

pyrogens

107
Q

The fever ____ includes the hypothalamus stimulates cutaneous blood vessels to vasoconstrict and induces shivering  body temp rises

A

onset

108
Q

The fever ____ includes Metabolic rate increases to promote physiologic processes involved in eliminating the harmful substance
Liver and spleen bind zinc and iron to slow microbial reproduction

A

stadium

109
Q

The fever _____ includes Hypothalamus no longer stimulated by pyrogens, prostaglandin release decreases, set point reverts to normal
Body releases heat through vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels and sweating

A

defervescense

110
Q

Benefits of a fever include: %)

A
  1. Inhibits replication of bacteria and viruses
  2. Promotes interferon activity
  3. Increase activity of adaptive immunity
  4. Accelerates tissue repair
  5. Increases CAMs on endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries
111
Q

Risks of a fever

A
  1. Changes in metabolic pathways and denaturation of body proteins anything above 102°F
  2. Seizures may occur at sustained body temperature above 102°F
  3. Irreversible brain damage may occur at body temp’s sustained at greater than 106°F
  4. Death likely when body temp reaches 109°F
112
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

redness, swelling, pain, heat

113
Q

If inflammation advantageous or not? Explain.

A

It is advantageous because it acts like a flushing of the infected or damaged tissue, allowing pathogens to enter the lymphatic system and initiating an immune response.

114
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

A molecule that induces fever

115
Q

What are the three stages of a fever?

A

Onset, stadium, defervscence

116
Q

What is one benefit of a fever?

A

Inhibits growth of bacteria/viruses, promotes interferon activity as well as adaptive immunity activity, accelerates tissue repair, and increases production of CAMs

117
Q

____ immunity (cell-mediated) T-cells differentiate into helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

A

cellular

118
Q

_____ immunity (antibody-mediated) B-cells develop into plasma cells to synthesize and release antibodies

A

humoral

119
Q

______ immunity Initiated upon entry of foreign substance (or antigen) into the body

A

adaptive

120
Q

______ structure A substance that causes the formation of and binds to antibodies

A

antigen

121
Q

_____ (antigenic determinants) is the specific site on the antigen that is recognized by immune cells

A

epitope

122
Q

_____ are small molecules that must attach to a carrier molecule to trigger a response within a host

A

haptens

123
Q

When antigens bind T cells (induce an immune response) they are called ______.

A

immunogens

124
Q

____ antigens are found on protein capsids of viruses, cell walls of bacteria and fungi, within bacterial toxins, and plasma membranes of tumor and cancerous cellls.

A

Foreign

125
Q

____ antigens are found on every healthy cell of the body and do not bind the bodies immune components

A

self

126
Q

_______ caused by immune cells recognizing self-antigens as foreign and initiating an immune response

A

Autoimmune disorder

127
Q

______ are Any immune cell that functions specifically to communicate the presence of antigen to both helper and cytotoxic T cells

A

antigen presenting cells (APC)

128
Q

Dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells function as _____.

A

APCs

Antigen Presenting Cells

129
Q

All nucleated can also act as ____.

A

APCs

130
Q

MHC also known as ____.

A

major histocompatibility complex.

131
Q

Antigen presentation requires attachment of antigen to specialized ______.

A

specialized transmembrane MHC protein

132
Q

______ molecules used by nucleated cells and APCs bind cytotoxic T cells

A

MHC class I

133
Q

______ molecules used only by APCs bind helper T cells

A

MHC class II

134
Q

What are two types of adaptive immunity??

A

cellular and humoral

135
Q

What is an epitope?

A

site on teh antigen that is recognized by the immune cell

136
Q

What is an autoimmune disorder?

A

when immune cells recognize self antigens as foregin

137
Q

What types of cells can be APC’s?

A

all nucleated
macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells

138
Q

What does MHC stand for and what is it?

A

Major Histocompatibility complex, a specialized transmembrane protein needed for antigen presentation

139
Q

_______ are created when Glycoproteins continuously synthesized by Rough ER and then embedded within plasma membrane.

A

~ endogenous pathway

140
Q

_____ molecules attach peptide fragments randomly while in the RER
When cell is uninfected and healthy, peptide fragments are considered ‘self’ and are ignored by the immune system

A

MHC class I

141
Q

With MHC class I molecules, when a cell is ____, peptide fragments are from a protein unknown to the immune system thus considered ‘foreign’, which then can initiate an immune response and target the cell for destruction

A

infected

142
Q 
MHC class II molecules:
Glycoprotein continuously synthesized by the Rough ER and then embedded in the plasma membrane (similar to MHC class I)
Considered \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ due to APC having to engulf an exogenous antigen
A

exogenous pathway

143
Q

____ pathway is the formation and docking of MHC class II molecules in an APC.

A

exogenous

144
Q

Exogenous ____ brought into cell through endocytosis forming a phogsome. This binds a ____ forming a phagolysosome where protein is digested.

A

antigen

lysosome

145
Q

T and B cells differ from other immune cells due to their unique ____ complex.

A

receptor

146
Q

the ___ structure consists of 100,000 receptor complexes per cell and receptor complexes only binding one specific antigen

A

lymphocyte

147
Q

B cell receptors (BCR) make direct contact with an ___.

A

antigen

148
Q

T cell receptors (TCR) must first have the ___ processed and presented in the plasma membrane of another type of cell (antigen presenting cell)

A

antigen

149
Q

Helper T cells contains ____.

A

CD4 proteins.

150
Q

Cytotoxic T cells contain ______

A

CD8 proteins

151
Q

____ also contain co-receptors which are necessary for physical interaction with APC’s

A

T cells

152
Q

Types of T cells

A

helper t cells
cytoxic t cells
memory t cells
regulatory t cells (Tregs)

153
Q

____ coordinate the immune response helping both cellular and humoral immunity as well as enhancing certain aspects of innate immunity

A

Helper t cells

154
Q

_____ release chemicals that are toxic to cells resulting in their destruction

A

cytotoxic t cells

155
Q

______ cause a more rapid response to an antigen when future encounters of the same antigen occur

A

memory t cells

156
Q

______ function in suppressing the immune response

A

regulatory t cells (Tregs)

157
Q

Life Events of lymphocytes

A

formation
activation
effector response

158
Q

Life Events of lymphocytes

A

Formation of lymphocytes
Both B and T cells formed in red bone marrow
B cells mature in red bone marrow while T cells mature in Thymus
Here they become specific for a foreign antigen
Activation of lymphocytes
Lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphatic structures where they are housed
Here they are exposed to their specific antigen and become activated
Activation induced replication to form many identical lymphocytes
Effector response
Specific action of the T and B cells help to eliminate the antigen
T cells typically migrate out of secondary structures and to sites of infection
B cells primarily remain within secondary structures and synthesize and release large quantities of antibodies against the antigen. The antibodies enter the blood and lymph and are transported to the site of infection

159
Q

Lymphocytes both b and t cells are formed in the ____.

A

red bone marrow

160
Q

B cells mature in _____.

A

red bone marrow

161
Q

T cells mature in ____.

A

thymus

162
Q

While b and t cells mature they become more specific for a ____.

A

foreign antigen

163
Q

Lymphocytes migrate to ___ lymphatic structures where they are housed. here they are exposed to their ___ and become activated. Activation induces replication to form many _____ lymphocytes.

A

migrate
specific antigen
identidcal

164
Q

Specific action of the T and B cells help to ___ the antigen.

A

eliminate

165
Q

T cells typically migrate out of secondary structures and to sites of ____.

A

infection

166
Q

B cells primarily remain within secondary structures and synthesize and rlease large quantities of _____ against the antigen. They then enter the blood and lymph and are transported to the site of ___.

A

antibodies

infection

167
Q 
MHC class I proteins bind either self or foreign antigens within the rough ER. 
T or F
A

True

168
Q 
MHC class II proteins bind only ‘foreign’ antigens within the Rough ER.
T or F
A

False

169
Q

B-cell receptors bind antigens directly.

T or F

A

True

170
Q

T-cells must be presented an antigen after processing through an APC.

T or F

A

True

171
Q

Helper T-cells have CD8 co-receptors, while cytotoxic T-cells have CD4 co-receptors.

T or F

A

False

172
Q

B-cells mature in the red bone marrow but T-cells mature in the thymus.

T or F

A

True

173
Q

B-cells typically migrate to infected area’s while T-cells stay within lymphatic tissue but release antibodies into the blood.

T or F

A

False

174
Q

Pre-T-lymphocytes considered a _____ because initially have both CD4 and CD8 proteins

A

double positive

175
Q

T lymphocyte formation and selection Originate in bone marrow then migrate to the ____.

A

thymus

176
Q

Each T-lymphocyte must be ‘tested’ to determine whether it’s (1) able to bind to the MHC molecule with a presented antigen, as well as whether it (2) binds to only _____ antigens and not ‘self’ antigens

A

foreign

177
Q

Immature T cells bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules and
T cells that bind the MHC survive while those that do not undergo apoptosis

A

T Lymphocyte Selection

Positive Selection

178
Q 
Thymic dendritic cells present self-antigens with MHC class I and II  molecules to immature T cells. T cells that bind the self-antigen undergoes apoptosis
Self-tolerance ~ T cells ability to ‘ignore’ molecules of the body or self-antigens
A

T Lymphocyte Selection

Negative Selection

179
Q

_____ is when T-cells become either Helper T-cells (by losing the CD8 protein) or Cytotoxic T-cells (by losing the CD4 protein).

A

differentiation

180
Q

After differentiation t cells migrate out of the thymus but are still considered naïve T cells because they have not yet been exposed to their ____.
Activation occurs once a T-cell binds it’s specific antigen

A

antigen

181
Q

B-cells go through similar formation and selection processes but ____ are not involved and it occurs in the red bone marrow instead of the thymus

A

MHC

182
Q

Activation of Helper T cells

A

List

183
Q

Activation of Cytotoxic T cells

A

List

184
Q

Activation of B cells

A

List

185
Q

T-cells must under go a double selection in which they are positively selected for MHC binding but negatively selected for ‘self’ antigen binding.

T or F

A

True

186
Q

If a T-cell loses its CD4 protein, it becomes a helper T-cell.

T or F

A

False

187
Q

Activation of a helper T-cell depends upon binding of a MHC class I molecule and it’s CD8 co-receptor.

T or F

A

False

188
Q

IL-2 is released by helper T-cells and acts as an autocrine and paracrine hormone.

T or F

A

True

189
Q

Both helper and cytotoxic T-cells proliferate into both an active and a memory clone of themselves.

T or F

A

True

190
Q

B-cells must ingest an antigen and present it with a MHC class I molecule to cytotoxic T-cells to become activated.

T or F

A

False

191
Q

Activated B-cells proliferate into plasma cells and memory B-cells.

T or F

A

False

192
Q

Effector response of _____ leave secondary structures after several days of exposure and migrate to site of infection, continuing to release cytokines to regulate other immune cells

A

t cells

193
Q

____ t cells functions include activating cytotoxic t cells and they enhance formation and activity of innate immune cells.

A

helper t cells

194
Q

____ t cells functions include destroying infecting cells that display the antigen by releasing granules containing perforin and granzymes (same and NK cells)

A

cytotoxic

195
Q

_____ have a five day life-span and remain in lymph nodes the entire time, continuously synthesize and release antibodies to circulate throughout the body

A

plasma cells

196
Q

Antibodies also known as ____ proteins.

A

immunoglobulin (Ig)

197
Q

_________ are Y-shaped proteins composed of four polypeptide chains (two heavy chains, two light chains)

A

Immunoglobulins

198
Q

Immmunoglobulins or antibodies contains a ___ region, which is located at teh ends of the arms contain the antigen binding sites.

A

variable

199
Q

Immunoglobulins or antibodies contain a ___ region which contains the Fc regions which is the portion of the antibody that determines the biological function of the antibody

A

constant

200
Q

Five types of Immunoglobulins or antibodies

A 
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
201
Q

3 types of antibody action through antigen binding sites

A

neutralization
agglutination
precipitation

202
Q

_____ is when the antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin, leaving it ineffective

A

neutralization

203
Q

____ is when the antibody cross-links cells to form a ‘clump”

A

agglutination

204
Q

____ is when the antibody cross-links circulating particles forming an insoluble antigen–antibody complex

A

precipitation

205
Q

____ is when the ~ Fc region of IgG and IgM bind complement proteins causing activation of the complement pathway

A

complement fixation

206
Q

_____ is when the ~ Fc region of IgG can cause opsonization

*Certain phagocytic cells have receptors for Fc regions of certain antibodies, engulf both antibody and antigen

A

Opsonization

207
Q

The _____ occurs when Fc region of IgG binds specific NK cells

A

activation of NK cells

208
Q

NK cell destroys abnormal cell by release of ______ chemicals causing apoptosis

A

cytotoxic

209
Q

____ major class, makes up 75-85% of antibodies

A

IgG

210
Q

____ Predominantly in lymph, CSF, serous fluid, peritoneal fluid

A

IgG

211
Q

____ Can perform any and all functions of antibodies

A

IgG

212
Q

___ found mostly in blood

A

IgM

213
Q

____ Most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement

A

IgM

214
Q

___ is Found in areas exposed to the environment (mucous membranes, tonsils, mucus, saliva, tears and breast milk)

A

IgA

215
Q

____ is Significant role in protecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

A

IgA

216
Q

____ Functions as the antigen-specific B cell receptor

A

IgD

217
Q

____ Also functions to identify when immature B cells may be ready for activation

A

IgD

218
Q

____ is Formed in response to allergic reactions and to parasitic infections

A

IgE

219
Q

___ Causes release of histamine and other mediators of inflammation from basophils and mast cells and it attracts eosinophils

A

IgE

220
Q

Long-lived lymphocytes represent an ‘army’ of thousands against specific antigens and are responsible for _____

A

immunologic memory

221
Q

_____ is due to subsequent exposure to an antigen occurs more rapidly and produce a more powerful response
Pathogen typically eliminated before disease symptoms develop. This makes adaptive immunity a highly potent protector

A

secondary response

222
Q

____ are attenuated or dead microorganisms which are effective in developing memory cells

A

vaccines

223
Q

Measuring immunologic memory is done via ____ in blood serum.

A

antibody titers

224
Q

_____is a Measurable response of antibody production to the first exposure

A

primary response

225
Q

____ is the ~ the 3-6 day period which is required for antigen detection, activation, proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes

A

lag or latent phase

226
Q

Production of antibodies,___ and ___ occurs within 1-2 weeks

A

IgG and IgM

227
Q

______ is a Measureable response to subsequent exposure

A

secondary response

228
Q

Secondary response has a much ___ lag phase due to memory cells.

A

shorter

229
Q

___ produce much quicker and with a greater proportion of the IgG antibodies in a secondary response.

A

Antibodies

230
Q

Results from a direct encounter with a pathogen or foreign substance that results in production of _____

A

memory cells

231
Q

_____ means an ~ individual is directly exposed to the antigen of an infectious agent (active)

A

naturally acquired

232
Q

____ means the exposure occurs through a vaccine (active)

A

artifically acquired

233
Q

Two types of active immunity.

A

naturally acquired

artificially acquired

234
Q

Two types of passive immunity

A

naturally acquired

artificially acquired

235
Q

_____ is obtained from another individual or animal and does not results in the production of memory cells

A

passive immunity

236
Q

____ occurs when there is a ~ transfer of antibodies form the mother to the fetus across the placenta (IgG) or to the baby in the mother’s breast milk (IgG, IgM and IgA)
(passive)

A

naturally acquired

237
Q

______ passive immunity occurs when a serum containing antibodies against a specific antigen is transferred from one individual to another

A

artificially acquired

238
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells are similar to NK cells because they release perforin and granzymes.

T or F

A

True

239
Q

The Fc region of an antibody categorizes an antibody into five classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE.

T or F

A

True

240
Q

Antibodies can function by binding of antigens to specific binding sites, or through the use of the Fc region.

T or F

A

True

241
Q

IgM is the most abundant immunoglobulin.

T or F

A

False, IgG

242
Q

The primary immunological response has a 3-6 day delay and primarily produces both IgG and IgM within 1-2 weeks.

T or F

A

True

243
Q

The secondary immunological response is due to memory cells, contains a much shorter lag time and primarily produces IgM.

T or F

A

False

244
Q

Active immunity doesn’t produce memory cells while passive immunity does.

T or F

A

False

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II (20 decks)

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