Chapter 28 Flashcards
Primary reproductive organs are called _____.
gonads
The female gonads are called _____.
ovaries
The male gonads are called ______.
testis
Gonads produce _____ which create new individuals when merged.
gametes
The female gamete is called and ____.
oocyte
The male gamete is called a ____.
sperm
Gonads produce large amounts of ____ which effect maturation, development and changes in teh activity of ________.
sex hormone
reproductive system organs
The female gonads produce the sex hormones, _______ and ________.
estrogen
progesterone
The male gonads produce the sex hormone, _______.
testosterone
The male and female gonads have ______ reproductive organs.
accessory
_____ is when the external sex characteristics become more prominent
puberty
Females see enlargement of the ______ as a sign of puberty.
breasts
In both sexes, _____ hair growth is is a sign of puberty.
pubic
In both sexes, fully functional ____ in both sexes are a sign of puberty.
reproductive organs
As puberty begins gametes _____.
mature
As puberty begins gonads start secreting _____.
sex hormones
______ stimulates the release of FSH and LH which then stimulate the sex hormones to be released from the gonads.
GnRH
GnRH stimulates the release of ____ and ____ which then stimulate the sex hormones to be released from the gonads.
FSH and LH
Girls reach puberty generally ___ years before boys.
2 years
African american girls tend to hit puberty ___ year earlier than their caucasian counterparts.
1 year
Genetics, ______, and overall heath of the individual will affect the timing of puberty.
enviornmental factors
____ contains primary oocytes surrounded by flattened follicle cells.
primordial follicle
Primordial follicles contains primary oocyte which are arrested in the ______.
first meiotic prophase
_____ contains primary oocyte surrounded one or more layers of granulosa cells.
primary follicle
The granulose cells in the primary follicle are ____ shaped.
cuboidal
Primary follicles secrete ____ as it matures.
estrogen
Primary follicles are surrounded by connective tissue cells called _____ which secrete androgens which are needed to make estrogen.
thecal cells
Thecal cells that surround the primary follicles secrete ____ which is needed to make estrogen.
androgens
_____ follicle contains primary oocytes, many layers of granulosa cells and fluid filled space called an antrum.
secondary
The fluid filled space in a secondary follicle is called an ____.
antrum
Fluid accumulates in the secondary follicle as ____ nears pushing the oocyte to the side of the follicle.
ovulation
As ovulation nears, the oocytes is pushed to teh side of the secondary follicle where it is surrounded by _____.
cumulus oophorus.
In the secondary follicle when the oocyte is pushed to the side it is surrounded by _____, a cluster of follicle cells.
cumulus oophorus
Cumulus oophorus contains the primary oocyte surrounded by the ______ (contains glycoproteins) and corona radiata.
zona pellucida
_______ contains a secondary oocyte, numerous layers of granulosa cells and a a large, fluid-filled antrum.
mature follicles
A secondary oocyte located in the mature follicles has complete meiosis 1 and is arrested in the ____ .
metaphase II
_____ forms when a mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte (ovulation).
corpus luteum
The corpus luteum secretes ____ and ____.
progesterone and estrogen
______ is an ovarian scar composed of connective tissue that forms after the corpus luteum degenerates, a process called luteolysis. The corpus albicans is primarily made of collagen and persists on the ovary for a few months and is usually reabsorbed.
Corpus albicans
______ is the maturation of primary oocyte to a secondary ooctye.
oogenesis
_____ is when the primordial follicles die, regressing from 1.5 million to 400,000.
Atresia
Primary oocytes start meiosis but are arrested in _______.
prophase I
____ (diploid) divide by mitosis to produce primary oocytes.
oogonia
GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH starting the _____.
ovarian cycle
FSH and LH stimulate ___ primordial follicles to mature into primary follicles.
20
The follicular phase is from ____ days of the 28 day cycle.
1-13
_____ and estrogen are released from follicular cells inhibiting FSH production.
Inhibin
Inhibin and estrogen are released from follicular cells inhibiting ____ production.
FSH
____ causes an increase of fluid within the antrum causing a few of the primary follicles to mature into secondary follicles.
LH
As a single secondary follicle matures into a mature follicle, it’s primary oocytes finished meoiosis I and forms two cells, _____ and ____.
polar body
secondary oocyte
____ doesn’t receive enough cytoplasm to fully mature.
polar body
____ receives enough cytoplasm and continues meiosis II until it reaches metaphase II where it is arrested again.
Secondary oocyte
The secondary oocyte receives enough cytoplasm and continues meiosis II until it reach _____ where it is arrested.
metaphas II
Ovulation occurs on day ___ of a 28 day cycle when LH is at its highest secretion rate.
14
Ovulation occurs when ____ is at its highest secretion rate.
LH
____ is when the secondary oocyte is released from mature follicles due to an increase in fluid within the antrum.
Ovulation
The luteal phase occurs from days ____ of the 28 day cycle.
15-28
During the _____ remaining follicle cells in ruptured mature follicles becomes corpus luteum.
luteal phase
During the luteal phase, the ____ secretes progesterone and estrogen needed for the build up of the _____.
corpus luteum
uterine lining
During the luteal phase, _____ is also released, which, when added to high amounts of progesterone/estrogen, causes ______ feedback to the hypothalamus and AP.
inhibin
negative
During the luteal phase, after ____ days corpus luteum regresses and becomes corpus albicans causing a decrease in hormone secretion which triggers ______.
10-13 days
menstruation
During the luteal phase, menses marks the end of the luteal phase and beginning of the _____.
follicular phase
____ is a females first menstrual cycle and usually occurs between the ages of 11-12.
menarche
What hormone is responsible for the maturation of a primary follicles into a secondary follicles.
LH
Secondary oocytes are arrested in which phase of meiosis?
metaphase II
On what day of the cycle does ovulation occur?
day 14
How is a secondary oocyte released from a mature follicle?
forced out due to an increase of fluid within antrum
What hormone triggers menstruation?
A decrease in all hormones (specifically estrogen/progesterone)
Steps of Regulation of Ovarian Cycle
Hypothalamus secretes GnRH causing release of FSH and LH from AP
FSH and LH stimulate follicular development
Maturing follicles secrete inhibin and estrogen causing negative feedback on hypothalamus and AP, FSH release decreases
Estrogen stimulates maturation of secondary follicle into mature follicle
Mature follicle produces large amounts (threshold) of estrogen causing positive feedback loop from hypothalamus and AP
LH produced in high amounts from AP which causes ovulation
Corpus luteum forms from ovulated follicle due to LH
Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone, estrogen and inhibin causing negative feedback to hypothalamus and AP
If oocyte not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates decreasing hormone levels causing menses and the cycle repeats
____ is the cyclical changes int eh endometrial lining due to estrogen and progesterone.
menstrual cycle
The length of the menstrual cycle may vary, ___ days with the typical being about ____.
21-35
28
The three phases of the menstrual phase
menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase
Days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle is called the _____ phase, is the functional layer of endometrium.
menstrual
Days 6-14 of the menstrual cycle is called the ____ phase, which is the functional layer begins to develop again.
proliferative
Days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle is called the ___ phase, which is increased vascularization and development of uterine glands occurs within functional layer.
secretory
Slide 16
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During the menstrual phase, _____ stimulates FSH and LH secretion during days ____.
GnRH
1-5
During the menstrual phase , days ______, some primordial follicles mature and produce ______.
1-5
estrogen
The functional layer of the endometrium is shed during the _____ phase.
menstrual
_____ and inhibin inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, causing a drop in _____ during the proliferative phase.
estrogen
FSH
One secondary follicle continues to mature and produce ______, during the proliferative phase.
estrogen
The functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilding during the ______ phase.
proliferative
The increase in estrogen above threshold stimulates the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, causing an ______ during the 13-14th days of the proliferative phase.
LH surge
The LH surge induces ____ during days 13-14 proliferative phase.
ovulation
The Corpus luteum forms and secretes large amounts of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin during the ___ phase. Combined, these inhibit GnRH, FSH, and ____ secretion.
secretory
LH
During the secretory phase ______ stimulates uterine lining growth.
progesterone
During the secretory phase if the oocyte is not fertilized, the ______ regresses and hormone levels drop.
corpus luteum
What type of follicle secretes a threshold of hormones causing a positive feedback loop to the hypothalamus and AP?
mature follicles
Which hormone causes the corpus luteum to form?
LH
Which hormone causes the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
estrogen
Which hormone causes the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
progeterone
The ______. contains mucin-secreting glands that help form a thick mucus plug at external os
cervix
______ believed to be physical barrier that prevents pathogens from invading the uterus
Mucus plug
Mucus plug thins considerable around the time of ______ to allow sperm to more easily enter the uterus
ovulation
_____ is refraining from sexual intercourse
Abstinence
The ________ requires avoiding sexual intercourse during the time when a woman is ovulating (a few days prior and after due to sperms ability to live for several days within the female body)
rythym method
Barrier methods
condoms
spermicidal foams
diaphragms
________ prevent sperm from entering female body and protect against STI’s
condoms
___________ act as chemical barrier methods that kills sperm before they travel to the uterine tubes.
spermicidal foams and gels
_______ structures made of rubber or silicone that are inserted into the vagina and placed over the cervix prior to sexual intercourse
diaphragms
_______ is the production of milk for nursing a baby can prevent ovulation and menstruation for many months after childbirth (must nurse child more than five times a day)
lactation
______ are T-shaped, flexible structures inserted into the uterus to prevent fertilization from occurring
Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
______ for contraception are tubal ligation and vasectomy.
surgical methods
Chemical methods for contraception
oral contraceptive estrogen/progestin patches injected/implanted progestins morning-after pill mifepristone
______ are 28 day packets contain 21 days of low level estrogen and progestins, last 7 days sugar pills
oral contraceptives
__________ are placed on body delivers regular amount of estrogen and progestin through skin, patch replaced weekly.
Estrogen/progestin patches
_________~ prevents ovulation and thickens mucus around cervix. These are given once every three months, implanted last three years
Injected/implanted progestins
__________ can be taken within 72 hours after having unprotected intercourse.
morning after pill
The morning after pill inhibits ovulation by delaying it or _____ to prevent implantation.
irritating the uterine lining
______ is used during first 7 weeks of pregnancy
mifepristone
____ blocks progesterone receptors so cannot maintain pregnancy and induces a miscarriage.
mifepristone
Ovulation may take many months to return after stopping these ______.
injected/implanted progestins
The low levels of estrogen used in oral contraceptives keeping _____ from spiking and causing ovulation.
spiking
When menopause begins, _____ stop maturing, one full year of no menstrual cycle
gametes
Menopause usually occurs between _____ years of age.
45-55
_____ occurs when estrogen levels begin to drop, periods become irregular or very light.
perimenopause
Reduced hormone production that accompanies menopause causes _____ of reproductive organs and breasts.
atrophy
Lack of ______ and ______ during menopause also affects other organs and systems.
estrogen and progesterone
Side effects of menopause
Hot flashes, thinning scalp hair, increased facial hair, greater risk for osteoporosis and heart disease
__________ used to be offered to diminish symptoms and risks but now the risks of breast cancer and lack of protection against heart disease outweigh the benefits .
hormone replacement therapy
Ideal temperature for producing/storing sperm is ____C lower than body temp
2-3
The ____ achieves keeping sperm at the ideal temperature by moving the testes away from the body when warm and closer to the body when cold.
scotum
The scrotum contains ____ smooth muscles.
two
The scrotum contains two muscles : ______ and _____.
dartos
cremaster muscle
____ is the muscle deep to the skin and superficial fascia in the scrotum.
dartos muscle
_____ is part of the spermatic cord, and surround each testis.
cremaster muscle
The spermatic cord contains what three things?
testicular artery
pampinform plexus
autonomic nerves
The _____ is the direct branch from the abdominal aorta within the spermatic cord.
testicular artery
_____ are the veins surrounding the testicular artery.
pampinform plexus
The ____ Produce sperm and androgens (most common, testosterone)
testes
The outer fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea covers the testis and projects internally forming the septa, which subdivides the testis into _____.
250 lobules
The outer fibrous capsule is called the _____.
tunica albuginea
Lobules contain four ________ each, which connect with the rete testis and then the efferent ductules, which carries the sperm to the epididymis.
seminiferous tubules
The seminiferous tubules contains sustentacular cells and ______.
spermatogonia
____ cells are non-dividing support cells.
sustentacular (sertoli) cells
Sustentacular cells protect developing sperm by creating the ______.
blood-testis barrier.
______ release inhibin when sperm count is high.
sustentacular (sertoli) cells
______ is a dividing germ cell that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty.
spermatogonia
_____ produce hormones called androgens.
interstitial cells
Interstitial cells are found in spaces surrounding the ______.
seminiferous tubules.
Steps of Hormone Regulation
- Hypothalamus releases GnRH, stimulating the release of FSH and LH from the AP
- LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone while FSH stimulates the sustentacular cells to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP)
- ABP binds testosterone to keep it in testes (testes are effectors) - Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis, libido, and development of secondary sex characteristics but also inhibits hypothalamus and AP
- Sustentacular cells release inhibin in response to an increase in sperm count which inhibits the release of FSH from the AP.
The first step of hormone regulation begins when the hypothalamus releases _______, stimulating the release of FSH and LH from the _____.
GnRH
Anterior Pituitary
During the second step of hormone regulation ____ stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone while ______ stimulates the sustentacular cells to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP)
LH
FSH
____ binds testosterone to keep it in testes (testes are effectors) during the 2nd step of hormone regulation.
ABP
During step 3 of hormone regulation ______ stimulates spermatogenesis, libido, and development of secondary sex characteristics but also inhibits hypothalamus and AP
testosterone
During step 4 of hormone regulation _______ release inhibin in response to an increase in sperm count which inhibits the release of FSH from the AP
sustentacular cells
What two muscles within the testis help to move them for optimal temperature?
dartos and cremaster
What type of hormone is testosterone?
androgen
What type of cell within the seminiferous tubule is a non-dividing, support cell that forms the blood testis barrier?
sustentacular cells
Where would you find interstitial cells and what do they do?
Outside of the seminiferous tubules and they make androgens
What binds testosterone to keep it in the testis and where does it come from?
Androgen-binding protein (ABP), sustentacular cells
______ is the process of sperm development.
spermatogenesis
_____ are diploid stem cells that lie near base of tubules
spermatogonia
Spermatogonia divide by _______ to produce another spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte
mitosis
Primary spermatocyte (_____) undergoes meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes (____)
diploid
haploid
Secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II to form _____.
spermatids
______ is the final stage of spermatogenesis when spermatids turn into sperm.
spermiogenesis
Spermatid sheds excess _______ and nucleus elongates.
cytoplasm
____ forms over nucleus during spermiogenesis.
acrosome cap
The ______ contains contains digestive enzymes necessary for penetration of the secondary oocyte
acrosome cap
During spermiogenesis a ______ ) forms and connects with the midpiece (neck)
a tail (flagellum)
The _______ contains mitochondria necessary for energy production and a centriole.
midpiece
Sperm now ‘looks’ mature but does not yet have all of the _______ needed to travel through female system
characteristics
Sperm leave the seminiferous tubules through the ______, which then connects with the efferent ductules, which carry the sperm to the epididymis
rete testis
Sperm is stored in the epididymis until _____ and capable of being motile.
fully mature
If sperm are expelled too soon they will not have the ability to travel to the _____
If the sperm is not ejected in a timely manner will be _____ by epididymis
oocyte
reabsorbed
Once sperm have fully matured they travel through the ______.
ductus (vas) deferens
Walls of the _______ contain a muscularis ~ three layers of smooth muscle ~ needed for movement of sperm (sperm not motile until ejaculated)
ductus (vas) deferens
Distal end of ductus deferens enlarges to form ________ which unites with the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
ampulla
The ejaculatory duct opens into the ______.
prostatic urethra
Seminal fluid is needed to neutralize the acidity of the vagina as well as nourish _______the sperm
nourish
______ secrete viscous, alkaline fluid containing: fructose and prostaglandins.
seminal vesicles
_____ nourishes the sperm.
fructose
______ are hormone like substances released from seminal vesicles that promotes widening and dilation of external os of cervix
prostaglandins
Seminal vesicles release _____ and _____.
fructose
prostaglandins
Prostate glands secretes fluid rich in ______, ______, and ______.
citric acid
seminal plasmin
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
____ released in the rich fluids from the prostate gland is a nutrient for the sperms’ health.
citric acid
_____ released in the rich fluids from the prostate gland is an antibiotic that combats urinary tract infections
seminal plasmin
______ released in the rich fluid from the prostate gland is an enzyme which helps liquefy semen following ejaculation
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
Bulbourethral glands secrete ____.
mucin
____ forms mucus which coats and lubricates the urethra for the passage of sperm
mucin
____ is seminal fluid combined with sperm.
semen
Semen is called ____ once released.
ejaculate
Semen normally contains between ____ sperm.
200-500 million
The transit time from release of sperm within seminiferous tubules to release from the body is ____.
2 weeks
Males do not experience the relatively abrupt change in ________ function that females do.
reproductive system
Testes decrease in size during male climacteric slightly which reduces the number of _______, thus decreases the amount of testosterone produced
interstitial cells
____ occurs during their 50’s and most men experiencing few symptoms.
male climacteric
Some may experience mood swings, decreased sex drive and hot flashes just like women during _____.
male climacteric
The difference between men (male climacteric) and women (menopause) is that men still produce ______ and men women do not.
gametes
Hormone reduction is more ______ in men and steep or sudden in women
gradual
Prostate enlargement occurs with age and can interfere with ______ and urinary functions
sexual
Erectile dysfunction can also occur with ___.
age
Do spermatogonia undergo mitosis or meiosis?
mitosis
What is the acrosome cap?
Part of sperm that covers nucleus and contains digestive enzymes needed for secondary oocyte penetration
List the structures the sperm travels through from seminiferous tubules to the prostatic urethra.
Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra
What three structures form semen?
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
Name two differences between male climacteric and female menopause.
Males continue to produce gametes, females don’t
Males decrease in hormones slowly, females suddenly drop
Female sexual response begins with the _____ phase.
excitement phase
During the ______ phase the mammary glands, clitoris, vaginal wall, ______ and labia become engorged with blood
excitement
bulbs of the vestibule
During the excitement phase the vestibular glands and glands within vagina produce ____ for lubrication
mucin
During the excitement phase the uterus shifts from _____ to more erect position
anteverted position
During the excitement phase the Inferior part of _______ constricts slightly.
vaginal wall
During the excitement phase the heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate increase as ____
orgasm nears
During the _____ the both divisions of ANS in control
excitement phase
The ______ is the time period of intense feelings of pleasure and release of tension.
orgasm
During and orgasm the _____ and ______ contract rhythmically for a few seconds.
vagina
uterus
Male sexual response begins with the _____.
excitement phase
During the male excitement phase erectile bodies of penis contain venous spaces surrounding a ______
central artery
During the male excitement phase _______ stimulation allows blood to enter erectile bodies and fill venous spaces
Parasympathetic
During the male excitement phase as ______ become engorged the penis become erect.
venous spaces
During the male excitement phase rigid erectile bodies compress veins that drain blood away thus blood cannot leave until ______
sexual excitement ceases
During the male excitement phase the _____, _______ and respiratory rate increase as orgasm nears.
heart rate
blood pressure
An ____ is the time period of intense feelings of pleasure, release of tension, and expulsion of semen
orgasm
______ stimulation causes ejaculation during an orgasm.
sympathetic
Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in wall of urethra cause ____.
ejaculation
Male reproductive system is an exception to the typical sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation performing _____.
opposite functions
_______ needed for erection, _____ needed for ejaculation.
parasympathetic
sympathetic
Reduction of parasympathetic control decreases _____. during the male sexual response.
blood to erectile bodies
sympathetic stimulation contracts central artery and small muscles around erectile tissue forcing blood out, _______
returning penis to its flaccid condition
The ______ is when men cannot attain another erection, lasts for minutes to hours.
refractory period
Refractory period becomes longer as ____.
men age
___ do not have a refractory period.
women
