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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary reproductive organs are called _____.

A

gonads

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2
Q

The female gonads are called _____.

A

ovaries

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3
Q

The male gonads are called ______.

A

testis

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4
Q

Gonads produce _____ which create new individuals when merged.

A

gametes

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5
Q

The female gamete is called and ____.

A

oocyte

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6
Q

The male gamete is called a ____.

A

sperm

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7
Q

Gonads produce large amounts of ____ which effect maturation, development and changes in teh activity of ________.

A

sex hormone

reproductive system organs

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8
Q

The female gonads produce the sex hormones, _______ and ________.

A

estrogen

progesterone

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9
Q

The male gonads produce the sex hormone, _______.

A

testosterone

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10
Q

The male and female gonads have ______ reproductive organs.

A

accessory

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11
Q

_____ is when the external sex characteristics become more prominent

A

puberty

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12
Q

Females see enlargement of the ______ as a sign of puberty.

A

breasts

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13
Q

In both sexes, _____ hair growth is is a sign of puberty.

A

pubic

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14
Q

In both sexes, fully functional ____ in both sexes are a sign of puberty.

A

reproductive organs

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15
Q

As puberty begins gametes _____.

A

mature

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16
Q

As puberty begins gonads start secreting _____.

A

sex hormones

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17
Q

______ stimulates the release of FSH and LH which then stimulate the sex hormones to be released from the gonads.

A

GnRH

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18
Q

GnRH stimulates the release of ____ and ____ which then stimulate the sex hormones to be released from the gonads.

A

FSH and LH

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19
Q

Girls reach puberty generally ___ years before boys.

A

2 years

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20
Q

African american girls tend to hit puberty ___ year earlier than their caucasian counterparts.

A

1 year

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21
Q

Genetics, ______, and overall heath of the individual will affect the timing of puberty.

A

enviornmental factors

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22
Q

____ contains primary oocytes surrounded by flattened follicle cells.

A

primordial follicle

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23
Q

Primordial follicles contains primary oocyte which are arrested in the ______.

A

first meiotic prophase

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24
Q

_____ contains primary oocyte surrounded one or more layers of granulosa cells.

A

primary follicle

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25
Q

The granulose cells in the primary follicle are ____ shaped.

A

cuboidal

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26
Q

Primary follicles secrete ____ as it matures.

A

estrogen

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27
Q

Primary follicles are surrounded by connective tissue cells called _____ which secrete androgens which are needed to make estrogen.

A

thecal cells

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28
Q

Thecal cells that surround the primary follicles secrete ____ which is needed to make estrogen.

A

androgens

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29
Q

_____ follicle contains primary oocytes, many layers of granulosa cells and fluid filled space called an antrum.

A

secondary

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30
Q

The fluid filled space in a secondary follicle is called an ____.

A

antrum

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31
Q

Fluid accumulates in the secondary follicle as ____ nears pushing the oocyte to the side of the follicle.

A

ovulation

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32
Q

As ovulation nears, the oocytes is pushed to teh side of the secondary follicle where it is surrounded by _____.

A

cumulus oophorus.

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33
Q

In the secondary follicle when the oocyte is pushed to the side it is surrounded by _____, a cluster of follicle cells.

A

cumulus oophorus

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34
Q

Cumulus oophorus contains the primary oocyte surrounded by the ______ (contains glycoproteins) and corona radiata.

A

zona pellucida

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35
Q

_______ contains a secondary oocyte, numerous layers of granulosa cells and a a large, fluid-filled antrum.

A

mature follicles

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36
Q

A secondary oocyte located in the mature follicles has complete meiosis 1 and is arrested in the ____ .

A

metaphase II

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37
Q

_____ forms when a mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte (ovulation).

A

corpus luteum

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38
Q

The corpus luteum secretes ____ and ____.

A

progesterone and estrogen

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39
Q

______ is an ovarian scar composed of connective tissue that forms after the corpus luteum degenerates, a process called luteolysis. The corpus albicans is primarily made of collagen and persists on the ovary for a few months and is usually reabsorbed.

A

Corpus albicans

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40
Q

______ is the maturation of primary oocyte to a secondary ooctye.

A

oogenesis

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41
Q

_____ is when the primordial follicles die, regressing from 1.5 million to 400,000.

A

Atresia

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42
Q

Primary oocytes start meiosis but are arrested in _______.

A

prophase I

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43
Q

____ (diploid) divide by mitosis to produce primary oocytes.

A

oogonia

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44
Q

GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH starting the _____.

A

ovarian cycle

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45
Q

FSH and LH stimulate ___ primordial follicles to mature into primary follicles.

A

20

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46
Q

The follicular phase is from ____ days of the 28 day cycle.

A

1-13

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47
Q

_____ and estrogen are released from follicular cells inhibiting FSH production.

A

Inhibin

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48
Q

Inhibin and estrogen are released from follicular cells inhibiting ____ production.

A

FSH

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49
Q

____ causes an increase of fluid within the antrum causing a few of the primary follicles to mature into secondary follicles.

A

LH

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50
Q

As a single secondary follicle matures into a mature follicle, it’s primary oocytes finished meoiosis I and forms two cells, _____ and ____.

A

polar body

secondary oocyte

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51
Q

____ doesn’t receive enough cytoplasm to fully mature.

A

polar body

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52
Q

____ receives enough cytoplasm and continues meiosis II until it reaches metaphase II where it is arrested again.

A

Secondary oocyte

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53
Q

The secondary oocyte receives enough cytoplasm and continues meiosis II until it reach _____ where it is arrested.

A

metaphas II

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54
Q

Ovulation occurs on day ___ of a 28 day cycle when LH is at its highest secretion rate.

A

14

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55
Q

Ovulation occurs when ____ is at its highest secretion rate.

A

LH

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56
Q

____ is when the secondary oocyte is released from mature follicles due to an increase in fluid within the antrum.

A

Ovulation

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57
Q

The luteal phase occurs from days ____ of the 28 day cycle.

A

15-28

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58
Q

During the _____ remaining follicle cells in ruptured mature follicles becomes corpus luteum.

A

luteal phase

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59
Q

During the luteal phase, the ____ secretes progesterone and estrogen needed for the build up of the _____.

A

corpus luteum

uterine lining

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60
Q

During the luteal phase, _____ is also released, which, when added to high amounts of progesterone/estrogen, causes ______ feedback to the hypothalamus and AP.

A

inhibin

negative

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61
Q

During the luteal phase, after ____ days corpus luteum regresses and becomes corpus albicans causing a decrease in hormone secretion which triggers ______.

A

10-13 days

menstruation

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62
Q

During the luteal phase, menses marks the end of the luteal phase and beginning of the _____.

A

follicular phase

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63
Q

____ is a females first menstrual cycle and usually occurs between the ages of 11-12.

A

menarche

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64
Q

What hormone is responsible for the maturation of a primary follicles into a secondary follicles.

A

LH

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65
Q

Secondary oocytes are arrested in which phase of meiosis?

A

metaphase II

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66
Q

On what day of the cycle does ovulation occur?

A

day 14

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67
Q

How is a secondary oocyte released from a mature follicle?

A

forced out due to an increase of fluid within antrum

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68
Q

What hormone triggers menstruation?

A

A decrease in all hormones (specifically estrogen/progesterone)

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69
Q

Steps of Regulation of Ovarian Cycle

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH causing release of FSH and LH from AP
FSH and LH stimulate follicular development
Maturing follicles secrete inhibin and estrogen causing negative feedback on hypothalamus and AP, FSH release decreases
Estrogen stimulates maturation of secondary follicle into mature follicle
Mature follicle produces large amounts (threshold) of estrogen causing positive feedback loop from hypothalamus and AP
LH produced in high amounts from AP which causes ovulation
Corpus luteum forms from ovulated follicle due to LH
Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone, estrogen and inhibin causing negative feedback to hypothalamus and AP
If oocyte not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates decreasing hormone levels causing menses and the cycle repeats

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70
Q

____ is the cyclical changes int eh endometrial lining due to estrogen and progesterone.

A

menstrual cycle

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71
Q

The length of the menstrual cycle may vary, ___ days with the typical being about ____.

A

21-35

28

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72
Q

The three phases of the menstrual phase

A

menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase

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73
Q

Days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle is called the _____ phase, is the functional layer of endometrium.

A

menstrual

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74
Q

Days 6-14 of the menstrual cycle is called the ____ phase, which is the functional layer begins to develop again.

A

proliferative

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75
Q

Days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle is called the ___ phase, which is increased vascularization and development of uterine glands occurs within functional layer.

A

secretory

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76
Q

Slide 16

A

?

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77
Q

During the menstrual phase, _____ stimulates FSH and LH secretion during days ____.

A

GnRH

1-5

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78
Q

During the menstrual phase , days ______, some primordial follicles mature and produce ______.

A

1-5

estrogen

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79
Q

The functional layer of the endometrium is shed during the _____ phase.

A

menstrual

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80
Q

_____ and inhibin inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, causing a drop in _____ during the proliferative phase.

A

estrogen

FSH

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81
Q

One secondary follicle continues to mature and produce ______, during the proliferative phase.

A

estrogen

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82
Q

The functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilding during the ______ phase.

A

proliferative

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83
Q

The increase in estrogen above threshold stimulates the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, causing an ______ during the 13-14th days of the proliferative phase.

A

LH surge

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84
Q

The LH surge induces ____ during days 13-14 proliferative phase.

A

ovulation

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85
Q

The Corpus luteum forms and secretes large amounts of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin during the ___ phase. Combined, these inhibit GnRH, FSH, and ____ secretion.

A

secretory

LH

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86
Q

During the secretory phase ______ stimulates uterine lining growth.

A

progesterone

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87
Q

During the secretory phase if the oocyte is not fertilized, the ______ regresses and hormone levels drop.

A

corpus luteum

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88
Q

What type of follicle secretes a threshold of hormones causing a positive feedback loop to the hypothalamus and AP?

A

mature follicles

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89
Q

Which hormone causes the corpus luteum to form?

A

LH

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90
Q

Which hormone causes the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

estrogen

91
Q

Which hormone causes the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

progeterone

92
Q

The ______. contains mucin-secreting glands that help form a thick mucus plug at external os

A

cervix

93
Q

______ believed to be physical barrier that prevents pathogens from invading the uterus

A

Mucus plug

94
Q

Mucus plug thins considerable around the time of ______ to allow sperm to more easily enter the uterus

A

ovulation

95
Q

_____ is refraining from sexual intercourse

A

Abstinence

96
Q

The ________ requires avoiding sexual intercourse during the time when a woman is ovulating (a few days prior and after due to sperms ability to live for several days within the female body)

A

rythym method

97
Q

Barrier methods

A

condoms
spermicidal foams
diaphragms

98
Q

________ prevent sperm from entering female body and protect against STI’s

A

condoms

99
Q

___________ act as chemical barrier methods that kills sperm before they travel to the uterine tubes.

A

spermicidal foams and gels

100
Q

_______ structures made of rubber or silicone that are inserted into the vagina and placed over the cervix prior to sexual intercourse

A

diaphragms

101
Q

_______ is the production of milk for nursing a baby can prevent ovulation and menstruation for many months after childbirth (must nurse child more than five times a day)

A

lactation

102
Q

______ are T-shaped, flexible structures inserted into the uterus to prevent fertilization from occurring

A

Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

103
Q

______ for contraception are tubal ligation and vasectomy.

A

surgical methods

104
Q

Chemical methods for contraception

A 
oral contraceptive
estrogen/progestin patches
injected/implanted progestins
morning-after pill
mifepristone
105
Q

______ are 28 day packets contain 21 days of low level estrogen and progestins, last 7 days sugar pills

A

oral contraceptives

106
Q

__________ are placed on body delivers regular amount of estrogen and progestin through skin, patch replaced weekly.

A

Estrogen/progestin patches

107
Q

_________~ prevents ovulation and thickens mucus around cervix. These are given once every three months, implanted last three years

A

Injected/implanted progestins

108
Q

__________ can be taken within 72 hours after having unprotected intercourse.

A

morning after pill

109
Q

The morning after pill inhibits ovulation by delaying it or _____ to prevent implantation.

A

irritating the uterine lining

110
Q

______ is used during first 7 weeks of pregnancy

A

mifepristone

111
Q

____ blocks progesterone receptors so cannot maintain pregnancy and induces a miscarriage.

A

mifepristone

112
Q

Ovulation may take many months to return after stopping these ______.

A

injected/implanted progestins

113
Q

The low levels of estrogen used in oral contraceptives keeping _____ from spiking and causing ovulation.

A

spiking

114
Q

When menopause begins, _____ stop maturing, one full year of no menstrual cycle

A

gametes

115
Q

Menopause usually occurs between _____ years of age.

A

45-55

116
Q

_____ occurs when estrogen levels begin to drop, periods become irregular or very light.

A

perimenopause

117
Q

Reduced hormone production that accompanies menopause causes _____ of reproductive organs and breasts.

A

atrophy

118
Q

Lack of ______ and ______ during menopause also affects other organs and systems.

A

estrogen and progesterone

119
Q

Side effects of menopause

A

Hot flashes, thinning scalp hair, increased facial hair, greater risk for osteoporosis and heart disease

120
Q

__________ used to be offered to diminish symptoms and risks but now the risks of breast cancer and lack of protection against heart disease outweigh the benefits .

A

hormone replacement therapy

121
Q

Ideal temperature for producing/storing sperm is ____C lower than body temp

A

2-3

122
Q

The ____ achieves keeping sperm at the ideal temperature by moving the testes away from the body when warm and closer to the body when cold.

A

scotum

123
Q

The scrotum contains ____ smooth muscles.

A

two

124
Q

The scrotum contains two muscles : ______ and _____.

A

dartos

cremaster muscle

125
Q

____ is the muscle deep to the skin and superficial fascia in the scrotum.

A

dartos muscle

126
Q

_____ is part of the spermatic cord, and surround each testis.

A

cremaster muscle

127
Q

The spermatic cord contains what three things?

A

testicular artery
pampinform plexus
autonomic nerves

128
Q

The _____ is the direct branch from the abdominal aorta within the spermatic cord.

A

testicular artery

129
Q

_____ are the veins surrounding the testicular artery.

A

pampinform plexus

130
Q

The ____ Produce sperm and androgens (most common, testosterone)

A

testes

131
Q

The outer fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea covers the testis and projects internally forming the septa, which subdivides the testis into _____.

A

250 lobules

132
Q

The outer fibrous capsule is called the _____.

A

tunica albuginea

133
Q

Lobules contain four ________ each, which connect with the rete testis and then the efferent ductules, which carries the sperm to the epididymis.

A

seminiferous tubules

134
Q

The seminiferous tubules contains sustentacular cells and ______.

A

spermatogonia

135
Q

____ cells are non-dividing support cells.

A

sustentacular (sertoli) cells

136
Q

Sustentacular cells protect developing sperm by creating the ______.

A

blood-testis barrier.

137
Q

______ release inhibin when sperm count is high.

A

sustentacular (sertoli) cells

138
Q

______ is a dividing germ cell that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty.

A

spermatogonia

139
Q

_____ produce hormones called androgens.

A

interstitial cells

140
Q

Interstitial cells are found in spaces surrounding the ______.

A

seminiferous tubules.

141
Q

Steps of Hormone Regulation

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH, stimulating the release of FSH and LH from the AP
  2. LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone while FSH stimulates the sustentacular cells to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP)
    - ABP binds testosterone to keep it in testes (testes are effectors)
  3. Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis, libido, and development of secondary sex characteristics but also inhibits hypothalamus and AP
  4. Sustentacular cells release inhibin in response to an increase in sperm count which inhibits the release of FSH from the AP.
142
Q

The first step of hormone regulation begins when the hypothalamus releases _______, stimulating the release of FSH and LH from the _____.

A

GnRH

Anterior Pituitary

143
Q

During the second step of hormone regulation ____ stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone while ______ stimulates the sustentacular cells to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP)

A

LH

FSH

144
Q

____ binds testosterone to keep it in testes (testes are effectors) during the 2nd step of hormone regulation.

A

ABP

145
Q

During step 3 of hormone regulation ______ stimulates spermatogenesis, libido, and development of secondary sex characteristics but also inhibits hypothalamus and AP

A

testosterone

146
Q

During step 4 of hormone regulation _______ release inhibin in response to an increase in sperm count which inhibits the release of FSH from the AP

A

sustentacular cells

147
Q

What two muscles within the testis help to move them for optimal temperature?

A

dartos and cremaster

148
Q

What type of hormone is testosterone?

A

androgen

149
Q

What type of cell within the seminiferous tubule is a non-dividing, support cell that forms the blood testis barrier?

A

sustentacular cells

150
Q

Where would you find interstitial cells and what do they do?

A

Outside of the seminiferous tubules and they make androgens

151
Q

What binds testosterone to keep it in the testis and where does it come from?

A

Androgen-binding protein (ABP), sustentacular cells

152
Q

______ is the process of sperm development.

A

spermatogenesis

153
Q

_____ are diploid stem cells that lie near base of tubules

A

spermatogonia

154
Q

Spermatogonia divide by _______ to produce another spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte

A

mitosis

155
Q

Primary spermatocyte (_____) undergoes meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes (____)

A

diploid

haploid

156
Q

Secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II to form _____.

A

spermatids

157
Q

______ is the final stage of spermatogenesis when spermatids turn into sperm.

A

spermiogenesis

158
Q

Spermatid sheds excess _______ and nucleus elongates.

A

cytoplasm

159
Q

____ forms over nucleus during spermiogenesis.

A

acrosome cap

160
Q

The ______ contains contains digestive enzymes necessary for penetration of the secondary oocyte

A

acrosome cap

161
Q

During spermiogenesis a ______ ) forms and connects with the midpiece (neck)

A

a tail (flagellum)

162
Q

The _______ contains mitochondria necessary for energy production and a centriole.

A

midpiece

163
Q

Sperm now ‘looks’ mature but does not yet have all of the _______ needed to travel through female system

A

characteristics

164
Q

Sperm leave the seminiferous tubules through the ______, which then connects with the efferent ductules, which carry the sperm to the epididymis

A

rete testis

165
Q

Sperm is stored in the epididymis until _____ and capable of being motile.

A

fully mature

166
Q

If sperm are expelled too soon they will not have the ability to travel to the _____
If the sperm is not ejected in a timely manner will be _____ by epididymis

A

oocyte

reabsorbed

167
Q

Once sperm have fully matured they travel through the ______.

A

ductus (vas) deferens

168
Q

Walls of the _______ contain a muscularis ~ three layers of smooth muscle ~ needed for movement of sperm (sperm not motile until ejaculated)

A

ductus (vas) deferens

169
Q

Distal end of ductus deferens enlarges to form ________ which unites with the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

A

ampulla

170
Q

The ejaculatory duct opens into the ______.

A

prostatic urethra

171
Q

Seminal fluid is needed to neutralize the acidity of the vagina as well as nourish _______the sperm

A

nourish

172
Q

______ secrete viscous, alkaline fluid containing: fructose and prostaglandins.

A

seminal vesicles

173
Q

_____ nourishes the sperm.

A

fructose

174
Q

______ are hormone like substances released from seminal vesicles that promotes widening and dilation of external os of cervix

A

prostaglandins

175
Q

Seminal vesicles release _____ and _____.

A

fructose

prostaglandins

176
Q

Prostate glands secretes fluid rich in ______, ______, and ______.

A

citric acid
seminal plasmin
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

177
Q

____ released in the rich fluids from the prostate gland is a nutrient for the sperms’ health.

A

citric acid

178
Q

_____ released in the rich fluids from the prostate gland is an antibiotic that combats urinary tract infections

A

seminal plasmin

179
Q

______ released in the rich fluid from the prostate gland is an enzyme which helps liquefy semen following ejaculation

A

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

180
Q

Bulbourethral glands secrete ____.

A

mucin

181
Q

____ forms mucus which coats and lubricates the urethra for the passage of sperm

A

mucin

182
Q

____ is seminal fluid combined with sperm.

A

semen

183
Q

Semen is called ____ once released.

A

ejaculate

184
Q

Semen normally contains between ____ sperm.

A

200-500 million

185
Q

The transit time from release of sperm within seminiferous tubules to release from the body is ____.

A

2 weeks

186
Q

Males do not experience the relatively abrupt change in ________ function that females do.

A

reproductive system

187
Q

Testes decrease in size during male climacteric slightly which reduces the number of _______, thus decreases the amount of testosterone produced

A

interstitial cells

188
Q

____ occurs during their 50’s and most men experiencing few symptoms.

A

male climacteric

189
Q

Some may experience mood swings, decreased sex drive and hot flashes just like women during _____.

A

male climacteric

190
Q

The difference between men (male climacteric) and women (menopause) is that men still produce ______ and men women do not.

A

gametes

191
Q

Hormone reduction is more ______ in men and steep or sudden in women

A

gradual

192
Q

Prostate enlargement occurs with age and can interfere with ______ and urinary functions

A

sexual

193
Q

Erectile dysfunction can also occur with ___.

A

age

194
Q

Do spermatogonia undergo mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis

195
Q

What is the acrosome cap?

A

Part of sperm that covers nucleus and contains digestive enzymes needed for secondary oocyte penetration

196
Q

List the structures the sperm travels through from seminiferous tubules to the prostatic urethra.

A

Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra

197
Q

What three structures form semen?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

198
Q

Name two differences between male climacteric and female menopause.

A

Males continue to produce gametes, females don’t

Males decrease in hormones slowly, females suddenly drop

199
Q

Female sexual response begins with the _____ phase.

A

excitement phase

200
Q

During the ______ phase the mammary glands, clitoris, vaginal wall, ______ and labia become engorged with blood

A

excitement

bulbs of the vestibule

201
Q

During the excitement phase the vestibular glands and glands within vagina produce ____ for lubrication

A

mucin

202
Q

During the excitement phase the uterus shifts from _____ to more erect position

A

anteverted position

203
Q

During the excitement phase the Inferior part of _______ constricts slightly.

A

vaginal wall

204
Q

During the excitement phase the heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate increase as ____

A

orgasm nears

205
Q

During the _____ the both divisions of ANS in control

A

excitement phase

206
Q

The ______ is the time period of intense feelings of pleasure and release of tension.

A

orgasm

207
Q

During and orgasm the _____ and ______ contract rhythmically for a few seconds.

A

vagina

uterus

208
Q

Male sexual response begins with the _____.

A

excitement phase

209
Q

During the male excitement phase erectile bodies of penis contain venous spaces surrounding a ______

A

central artery

210
Q

During the male excitement phase _______ stimulation allows blood to enter erectile bodies and fill venous spaces

A

Parasympathetic

211
Q

During the male excitement phase as ______ become engorged the penis become erect.

A

venous spaces

212
Q

During the male excitement phase rigid erectile bodies compress veins that drain blood away thus blood cannot leave until ______

A

sexual excitement ceases

213
Q

During the male excitement phase the _____, _______ and respiratory rate increase as orgasm nears.

A

heart rate

blood pressure

214
Q

An ____ is the time period of intense feelings of pleasure, release of tension, and expulsion of semen

A

orgasm

215
Q

______ stimulation causes ejaculation during an orgasm.

A

sympathetic

216
Q

Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in wall of urethra cause ____.

A

ejaculation

217
Q

Male reproductive system is an exception to the typical sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation performing _____.

A

opposite functions

218
Q

_______ needed for erection, _____ needed for ejaculation.

A

parasympathetic

sympathetic

219
Q

Reduction of parasympathetic control decreases _____. during the male sexual response.

A

blood to erectile bodies

220
Q

sympathetic stimulation contracts central artery and small muscles around erectile tissue forcing blood out, _______

A

returning penis to its flaccid condition

221
Q

The ______ is when men cannot attain another erection, lasts for minutes to hours.

A

refractory period

222
Q

Refractory period becomes longer as ____.

A

men age

223
Q

___ do not have a refractory period.

A

women

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II (20 decks)

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