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lab exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of circulatory system?

A

transport oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body and carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from the tissues

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2
Q

what is a 4 chambered heart?

A

completely seperate right and left atria and ventricles

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3
Q

what are vessels?

A

veins and arteries, carry blood to and from the heart

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4
Q

what are capillary beds?

A

very small vessels across the walls of which gas and nutrient exchange takes place in the tissues

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5
Q

what is an artery?

A

carries blood away from the heart, elastic and muscular

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6
Q

what is a vein?

A

carries blood towards heart, thin and not as muscular

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7
Q

what are valves?

A

prevent backflow of blood

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8
Q

what are capillaries/

A

the smallest blood vessels, beds invade tissues

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9
Q

what are lymphatic vessels?

A

some tissue fluid and cells return to large veins in a separate set of vessels

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10
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

lie along lymphatic vessels, sites of production of some white blood cells

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11
Q

what is the left atria?

A

receives blood from lungs

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12
Q

what is the right atria?

A

receives blood from body

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13
Q

what is the right ventricle?

A

pump blood to the lungs

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14
Q

what is the left ventricle?

A

pump blood to body

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15
Q

which ventricle is more muscular?

A

left bc it has to pump to body

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16
Q

what is the precava and postcava?

A

the vein where the blood enters the heart, forward and behind body

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17
Q

what valve does blood pass through from the right atria to right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

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18
Q

what is the pulmonary trunk?

A

thick artery that leads from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries in lungs

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19
Q

what valve does blood pass through from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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20
Q

what vein does blood pass through to get to the left atrium?

A

pulmonary veins

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21
Q

what valve does blood pass through from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

bicuspid valve

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22
Q

what valve does blood pass through from the left ventricle to aortic arch?

A

aortic semilunar aorta

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23
Q

what is the major artery that supplies blood to all organs?

A

dorsal aorta

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24
Q

what are the coronary aerties?

A

supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart muscle

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25
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

connects pulmonary trunk to aorta, only in fetuses, lungs dont work yet

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26
Q

what is the foraman ovale?

A

small hole that passes across from the right ventricle to left atrium

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27
Q

what is the allantoic duct?

A

where nitrogenous wastes are excreted in fetuses

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28
Q

what are adrenal glands?

A

produce hormones, located on top of kidneys, dark blob on stomach

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29
Q

what is the adrenal medulla?

A

inner middle of kidney, secretes adrenaline

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30
Q

what is the adrenal cortex?

A

secretes steroid hormones, inner layer of kidney

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31
Q

what is the ureter?

A

tube from kidneys to bladder

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32
Q

what is the bladder?

A

holds pee, web looking thing between umbilical veins

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33
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

external pouch for testes

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34
Q

what is the spermatic cord?

A

supports the testes

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35
Q

what is the vas deferans?

A

transports mature sperm to the urethra

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36
Q

what are the testes?

A

the glands where sperm and testosterone are produced

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37
Q

what is the gubernaculum?

A

aids in the descent of gonads

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38
Q

what is the epididymis?

A

stores sperm and transports it from the testes

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39
Q

what is the function of the urogenitial opening?

A

bodily waste and reproductive fluids are expelled to the environment outside of the body cavity

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40
Q

what is the function of penile retractor muscles?

A

pulls the penis back into its sheath after and erection

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41
Q

what is the function of seminal vesicles?

A

holds the seminal fluid that mixes with sperm to form semen

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42
Q

what is the function of the prostate gland?

A

secrete prostate fluid, one of the components of semen

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43
Q

what are cowper’s glands?

A

secretes fluid that helps semen pass through semen and protects it from acidic urine

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44
Q

what are ovaries?

A

produce eggs

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45
Q

what are uterine horns?

A

points where the uterus and the fallopian tubes meet

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46
Q

what are tears?

A

secretions lube and clean the eyeball surface

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47
Q

what are extrinsic ocular muscles?

A

control complex movements of the eyeball

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48
Q

what is the optic nerve?

A

transfers visual information to brain

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49
Q

what is the sclera?

A

Gives the eye shape and helps protect delicate inner parts

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50
Q

what is the cornea?

A

protects eye and focuses light

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51
Q

what is the iris?

A

controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina

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52
Q

what is the ciliary body?

A

releases a aqueous humor in the eye

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53
Q

what is chorotoid?

A

absorbs excess light

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54
Q

what is the retina?

A

consists of rods of cones

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55
Q

what is the tapetum lucidum?

A

reflects incoming light back to retina, night vision

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56
Q

what is the vitreous body?

A

keeps retina firmly again choroid

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57
Q

the central nervous system consists of

A

brain and spinal cord

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58
Q

the 3 brain regions are?

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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59
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

largest part of the brain, divided into 2 halves

60
Q

what is the right brain?

A

controls imagination, spatial relationships, art shit

61
Q

what is the left brain?

A

logic language, analysis, quantitative reasoning

62
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

functions below the level of consciousness, coordinating body movements, equilibrium, and position of the body

63
Q

what is the medulla oblongata?

A

merges with spinal cord, contains most of cranial nerves and centers for involuntary function

64
Q

what is the frontal lobe?

A

controls voluntary movements, language, cognition

65
Q

what is the occipital lobe?

A

processing visual information

66
Q

what is the temporal lobe?

A

processing sound and smell

67
Q

what is the parietal lobe?

A

touch and balance

68
Q

what is the olfactory bulb?

A

located in the forebrain of vertebrates that receives neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity

69
Q

what is the pons?

A

control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance

70
Q

what is the optic chiasma?

A

signals from some of the retinal cells of each eye are delivered via the sensory optic nerves to the cerebral hemisphere on the OPPOSITE side of the brain

71
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain

72
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

located between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It works to correlate several important processes, including consciousness, sleep, and sensory interpretation

73
Q

what is the epithalamus?

A

connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain

74
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

75
Q

what is the function of the nictitaing membrane?

A

transparent third eyelid that moistens eye and protects

76
Q

what are the three differences between pigs and humans besides appearance?

A
  1. bicournate uterus
  2. urogenital opening
  3. lack of appendix in pigs
77
Q

how does the fetus get oxygenated blood/breathe/eliminate waste?

A

umbilical cord

78
Q

what are ungulates?

A

animals with hooves

79
Q

what is the hard palate?

A

important for feeding and speech

80
Q

what is the nasopharynx?

A

connects nose to mouth

81
Q

what is the parotid gland?

A

largest salivary gland

82
Q

what is the mandibular gland?

A

salivary gland, under massester muscle

83
Q

what is the glottis?

A

opening to larynx and trachea

84
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

prevents food going into airway

85
Q

what is the thymus gland?

A

production of T lymphocytes

86
Q

what is the thyroid gland?

A

secretes thyroxine, endocrine gland

87
Q

what is the trachea?

A

tube that leads from the glottis to the bronchi and lungs

88
Q

nostrils->pharynx->larynx->trachea->bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli

89
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

separates thoracic and abdominal area, used for inhalator

90
Q

what does the liver do?

A

secretes bile which aids the digestion of fats

91
Q

what is in the stomach?

A

HCl-breaks down pepsinogen into pepsin

pepsin- breaks down proteins into amino acids

92
Q

what is the spleen?

A

produce red blood cells in fetus and stores and eliminates them in adults

93
Q

what is the rugae?

A

stomach folds

94
Q

what is the cardiac sphincter?

A

valve to prevent stomach contents from going up (heartburn if it does go up)

95
Q

what are villi?

A

microscopic projections thst increase surface in intestines

96
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

aid in digestion and regulate blood sugar

97
Q

what is the gall bladder?

A

stores bile

98
Q

what is the large intestine?

A

absorb water from food

99
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

receives chyme, digestive enzymes, and bile.

100
Q

what is the jejunum?

A

products of digestion are absorbed into bloodstream

101
Q

what is the ileum?

A

absorbs vitaminB12 and bile acids

102
Q

what is the caecum?

A

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines

103
Q

what is the spiral colon?

A

similar to ascending colon in humans, absorbs water and nutrients

104
Q

what is the crop?

A

used for holding quantities of food before its passed to the intestine

105
Q

what is the gizzard?

A

helps with mechnical breakdown of hard-to-digest materials

106
Q

what are ruminants?

A

throws up food to rechew, uses cellulase to break down cellulose

107
Q

what is coprophagy?

A

partially digested food consumed again

108
Q

what is amylase?

A

digestive enzyme found in saliva

109
Q

what is the stomach?

A

holds food and regulates entry of chyme for intestine

110
Q

What is trypsin and sodium bicarbonate?

A

secreted by pancreas into duodenum to neutralize chyme

111
Q

what is bile?

A

neutralize chyme

112
Q

what is a lipase?

A

emulsify lipids

113
Q

what are gills?

A

fish uses to extract oxygen

114
Q

what the the trachae?

A

what insects use to get oxygen

115
Q

what is an open circulatory system?

A

blood bathes the organs in the body cavity rather than using a network of vessels

116
Q

what is spawning?

A

when females and males release their gonads externally at the same time

117
Q

what are oviparous?

A

egg laying species

118
Q

what are viviparous?

A

live birth

119
Q

what is spermatozoa?

A

male gamete

120
Q

what are intromittant?

A

an external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation

121
Q

what are gonopods?

A

modified structures used to transfer sperm to female

122
Q

what are hemipenes?

A

modification of the walls of the cloaca that can engorge with blood

123
Q

what are claspers?

A

modified appendages of the pelvic fins to deliver sperm

124
Q

what is a pseudocoel?

A

body cavity in worms

125
Q

what is the typlosole?

A

facilitates digestion and absorption by increasing the SA in earthworms

126
Q

what is the septa?

A

dividing walls between segments

127
Q

what is the dorsal blood vessel?

A

fluids are collected here and reenter the aortic arches

128
Q

what are the adductor muscles for?

A

clams to open and close their shells

129
Q

what is the mantle?

A

to enclose and protect the internal organs in calms

130
Q

what is the pericardial sac?

A

tissue that covers the heart to protect it

131
Q

what is the incurrent siphon?

A

brings in food-laden oxygenated water

132
Q

what is the excurrent siphon?

A

sends waste and deoxygenated water out

133
Q

what is a cardiac stomach?

A

grinds food up

134
Q

what are gonopods?

A

First pair of swimmerettes, small and used for holding eggs in females, but large in males and used for sperm transfer

135
Q

what are swimmerettes?

A

Appendages used for swimming locootion and reproduction

136
Q

what is the ventral nerve cord?

A

Central nervous system

137
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

138
Q

what is the larynx?

A

the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs

139
Q

what are tube feet?

A

in locomotion, feeding, and respiration

140
Q

what is the madreporite?

A

filter water

141
Q

what is the pyloric caecum?

A

digestive gland

142
Q

what are ampullae?

A

store the water that enters the vascular system and send it to the minuscule tube feet

143
Q

what is the ring canal?

A

connects the stone canal and radial canal and carries water from the stone canal to the radial canal in the water vascular system

144
Q

what is the stone canal?

A

connecting the madreporite with a ring canal

145
Q

what are goblet cells? trachea

A

secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes where they are found

bio 213 (19 decks)

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