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chapter 46 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

involves egg and sperm to form zygote, most animals use this

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2
Q

how are gametes produced?

A

meiosis

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3
Q

describe the egg

A

large and cant move

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4
Q

describe the sperm

A

small mobile flagella

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5
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

offspring without fusion of egg and sperm, not many use this

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6
Q

what is the process for asexual reproduction?

A

mitosi

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7
Q

what is budding?

A

part of animal buds off and forms a new individual, jellyfish, starfish,bacteria, yeast

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8
Q

what is fission?

A

parents separate into 2 individuals in coral and worms

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9
Q

what is fragmentation?

A

piece breaks off and it can grow into an adult, flatworms

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10
Q

what is regeneration?

A

regenerating a part, sea stars

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11
Q

look at difference between fragmentation and regeneration

A

ok

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12
Q

what is parthenogensis?

A

egg develops without being fertilized, bees wasps, ants. found in stable environments

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13
Q

what are some pros of sexual reproduction?

A

gets rid of harmful genes and increases genetic diversity. however more energy is needed

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14
Q

why do animals have reproductive cycles related to changing seasons?

A

more favorable environmental conditions

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15
Q

what’s with the caribou in greenland?

A

plants started sprouting earlier and caribou reproduction was late. so the pregnant ones didnt get enough nutrients

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16
Q

what is hermaphroditism?

A

both fe/male parts. snails rarely mate with themselves.

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17
Q

what is sequential reproduction?

A

individuals born as 1 sex and change. clownfish.

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18
Q

what is ovulation?

A

egg released at midpoint maturity

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19
Q

what is fertilization?

A

egg and sperm meet

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20
Q

what is external fertilization?

A

egg and sperm meet outside of body, usually in aquatic environments

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21
Q

what is spawning?

A

release of gonads

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22
Q

what does internal fertilization require?

A

behavioral interactions and compatible copulatory organs

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23
Q

why is survival of zygotes better in internal fertilization?

A

eggs are shielded from environment, more parental care

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24
Q

what is the spermatheca?

A

where sperm is stored during copulation to wait for a favorable environment

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25
Q

look at diff types of uteruses

A

ok

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26
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

a common cavity at the end of the digestive tract for the release of both excretory and genital products in vertebrates

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27
Q

what are the seminiferous tubules?

A

where sperm is produced

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28
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

where testes are held, maintains cooler temp for optimal sperm production

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29
Q

what is the epidiymis?

A

tube from seminiferous tubules and testes, matures during this 3 week travel

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30
Q

what is ejaculation?

A

sperm is propelled from each epididiymis through the vas deferens

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31
Q

what is the urethra in males?

A

outlet tube for both excretory and reproductive system

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32
Q

what is semen?

A

fluid that allows sperm to get to egg

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33
Q

what are the purpose of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland?

A

secretes fluid that mixes with sperm to make semen

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34
Q

what does the seminal vesivcles secrete?

A

seminal fluid

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35
Q

what does the prostate gland secrete?

A

prostate fluid that doesn’t make semen gloop up and provides nutrition

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36
Q

what does the bulbourethral gland do?

A

secretes mucus that neutralizes the acidic urine

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37
Q

what is the baculum?

A

penis bone that helps make it firmer ;)

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38
Q

what are the glans?

A

head of penis

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39
Q

what is the prepuce?

A

foreskin

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40
Q

what is the human penis made of?

A

3 cylinders of spongy erectile tissue, fills with blood from arteries and pressure seals off veins that drain penis.

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41
Q

what are ovaries?

A

produce females gametes and reproductive hormones

42
Q

what are follicles?

A

contains a developing oocyte and secretes estrogen

43
Q

what are oocytes?

A

a partially developed egg

44
Q

what is the oviduct? (fallopian tube)

A

tube from ovary to uterus

45
Q

what is the uterus?

A

the womb LMAO WHAT KINDA DEF

46
Q

what is the endometrium?

A

inner lining of uterus, richly supplied with blood vessels

47
Q

what is the cervix?

A

opens into vagina

48
Q

what the vagina?

A

location for sperm deposits

49
Q

what is the vulva?

A

collective term for female genitalia

50
Q

what is the labia majora?

A

encloses and protects the rest of the vulva

51
Q

what is the labia minora?

A

thin skin folds that surrounding opening of vagina and urethra

52
Q

what is the hymen?

A

a thin piece of tissue that partly covers the vaginal opening

53
Q

what are mammary glands?

A

small sacs of epithelial tissue that secrete milk

54
Q

what is gametogenesis?

A

production of gametes

55
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

formation and development of sperm, continuous and millions form a day

56
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

development of mature eggs. immature eggs form in the ovary but do not complete develop in years or decades

57
Q

what are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A
  1. sperm is continually produced while there are long pauses in oogenesis
  2. sperma. is through adolescnce and adulthood while oogen. is completed before birth and stop at age 50
  3. sperma. use all 4 products of meiosis become sperm while in oogen. cytoplasm goes into one egg who becomes the “the one” and gets released
58
Q

what is the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone?

A

directs the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

59
Q

what are FSH and LH?

A

regulate gametogensis and production of sex hormones

60
Q

what are trophic hormones?

A

regulaates endocrine cells

61
Q

what are gonadotrophs?

A

male and female gonads, stimulate sex hormone production

62
Q

what are sertoli cells?

A

nourish developing sperm located in seminiferous tubules

63
Q

what are leydig cells?

A

produce testosterone in connective tissue, promote spermatogenesis

64
Q

what does testosterone regulate?

A

gonadotrophin-relasing hormone, FSH and LH

65
Q

what does seratoli cells regulate?

A

secrete inhibin to reduce FSH secretion

66
Q

when does ovulation occur?

A

after endometrium has started to thicken and develop a rich blood supply, preparing the uterus for an implantation of an embryo

67
Q

what is menstruation?

A

endometrium is shed

68
Q

give me the steps of the ovarian cycle lmao

A
  1. GnRH is secreted and stimulates anterior pituitary
  2. FSH and LH are secreted
  3. FSH stimulates follicle growth
  4. cells of the growing follicle make estradiol
  5. estradiol secretion rises steeply
  6. FSH and LH increase
  7. maturing follicle forms a bulge at the end of the ovary
  8. LH stimulates the leftover follicular tissue to make a corpus luteum
69
Q

give me the steps of the menstrual cycle lol

A
  1. estrdiol and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulate development of uterine lining
  2. ovarian hormone levels drop and endometrium sheds
70
Q

what is endometeriosis?

A

some cells of the uterine linging migrate to an abnormal (ectopic) location

71
Q

what is menopause?

A

the end of ovulation and menstruation, ovaries lose responsiveness to FSH and LH->decline in estradiol production

72
Q

why is menopause unusal?

A

most animals reproduce for life

73
Q

what is the grandma hypothesis?

A

ovulation and menstruation stops so you can help your kids with their kids

74
Q

who are the only mammals with menstrual cycles?

A

humans and some primates

75
Q

what is the estrous cycle?

A

uterus reabsorbs the endometrium and no fluid comes out. sexual activity is limited.

76
Q

give me the steps of the formation of a human zygote hehe

A
  1. ovulation releases an oocyte
  2. fertilization occurs in oviduct
  3. cleavage of zygote
  4. cells reach uterus and becomes a blastocyst (hollow ball of cells)
  5. blastocyst implants itself into the endometrium
77
Q

why is the first trimester have the most radical change in the baby and mom?

A

more hormones are being secreted

78
Q

what does human chorionic gonadotropin do?

A

secretes estrogen and progesterones, detected in pregnancy tests

79
Q

do all embryos develop?

A

no some have abnormalities

80
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

fertilized egg attaches to fallopian tube

81
Q

where does the developing embryo get nutrients?

A

for the first 3 weeks-> endometrium

after-> umbilical cord

82
Q

what is the trophoblast?

A

outer layer of blastocyst, interacts with endometrium

83
Q

what is the placenta?

A

house of fetus, gas exchange, fights infection, food

84
Q

what is the difference between identical and fraternal twins?

A

identical twins come from 1 egg and sperm and the embryo splits within the first month
fraternal twins come from 2 eggs and sperm and are in separate placentas

85
Q

what is organogenesis?

A

development of organs in the 1st trimester

86
Q

when does the baby heart start beating?

A

4 weeks and detected at 10 weeks

87
Q

when is it called a fetus?

A

at 8 weeks when all major structures of the adult are present in rudimentary form

88
Q

how big is the embryo at the end of the 1st trimester?

A

5 cm long

89
Q

what happens to the mother during the 1st trimester?

A

high levels of progesterone, mucus plugs cervix to prevent infection, placenta breast and uterus grow, ovulation and menstrual stop. morning sickness.

90
Q

what happens during the 2nd trimester?

A

mother feels fetal movement, hCG secretion declines, corpus luteum deteriorates, placenta takes over the production of progesterone

91
Q

what happens during the 3rd trimester?

A

fetus grows and fills the space within the embryonic membrane. mom’s organs get squished

92
Q

what is labor?

A

contractions that push baby and placenta out, regulated by oxytocin and estradiol (positive feedback)

93
Q

what are the 3 stages of labor?

A
  1. dilation of cervix
  2. fetus exiting
  3. placenta exiting
94
Q

what is lactation?

A

production of milk
prolactin-glands to produce milk
oxytocin- produce milk

95
Q

what is the role of the immune system during pregnancy?

A

it relaxes. if it were active, it would try to get rid of the baby

96
Q

what is contraception?

A

deliberate method to prevent pregnancy

97
Q

what are the 3 categories of contraceptives?

A
  1. preventing the release of egg and sperm (birth control, vasectomy)
  2. keeping egg and sperm apart (abstinence, condoms, spermicides)
  3. preventing implantation of embryo (plan b)
98
Q

what is abortion?

A

ending of a pregnancy after implantation

99
Q

what is a miscarriage?

A

spontaneous abortion

100
Q

what is the surgical method of abortion?

A

remove fetus out of uterus

101
Q

what is the medicinal method of abortion?

A

blocks progesterone receptor in uterus

bio 213 (19 decks)

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