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bio 213 > chapter 39 > Flashcards

chapter 39 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are plant hormones?

A

chemical signals that modify or control one or more specific physiological process within a plant

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2
Q

animal hormones are produced in ____ concentration while plant hormones are produced in ____ concentrations

A

large, low

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3
Q

animals can produce hormones in a specific location because

A

they have a circulatory system that can transport it

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4
Q

plants produce hormones all over because

A

they don’t have a circulatory system that can move it, they usually act locally.

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5
Q

auxins cause ____ in ____ concentrations

A

elongation, low

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6
Q

what happens when leaves fall?

A

auxin levels are sent back to main plant and recycled

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7
Q

why are do fruits start off tart?

A

they aren’t ready for germination so they don’t want animals to eat them yet

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8
Q

sweet banans

A

degrade me with your ethylene emissions

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9
Q

how do immobile plants adapt to environmental circumstances?

A

developmental and physiological mechanisms

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10
Q

what is gravitropism?

A

response to gravity

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11
Q

what is positive and negative gravitropism?

A

going down, growing up

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12
Q

what are statoliths and how do plants use them?

A

dense cytoplasmic components cause calcium and auxins to accumulate on the lower side of the root

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13
Q

what happens to elongation when auxins are at high concentration?

A

elongation is inhibited

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14
Q

what is thigmotropism?

A

movement or growth in response to touch, seen on vines and climbing plants

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15
Q

what is thigmomorphogenesis?

A

changes in morphology that result from a mechanical disturbance (trees that bend due to wind)

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16
Q

what is abiotic and biotic?

A

nonliving and living

17
Q

how do xerophytes avoid drought and what are the consequences?

A

they are adapted to dry enviroments, minimize water loss but take in less CO2, they wont grow as big, they close their stomatas and have waxy cuticles to keep water in.

18
Q

what are stomatal crypts?

A

depression in leaves

19
Q

what are some root adaptions for dry environments?

A

shallow roots- take advantage of water to soak up immediately
main root-for deep penetration heh

20
Q

what are alternative strageties to dry environments?

A

reduce SA of leaves, hang down to avoid sunlight, negative water potential

21
Q

what are CAM plants?

A

photosynthesis and respiration occur opposite in hot environments

22
Q

why are wet environments bad for plants?

A

can drown, not enough oxygen

23
Q

what are adaptations for wet environments?

A

shallow, slow growing roots that carry out alcohol fermentation
pneumatophores-snorkels

24
Q

what is a plants first line of defense against infection?

A

epidermis and periderm

25
Q

how do pathogens enter?

A

wounds or natural openings like stomata

26
Q

what are pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

A

molecular sequences are specific to certain pathogens, they sraer a chain of signaling events leading to production of antimicrobial chemicals and toughening of the cell wall with proteins

27
Q

what is a ligin?

A

mechanical barrier and toxic precursor

28
Q

what is the hypersensitive response?

A

causes cell and tissue death near infected site, induces production of enzymes that attack pathogen, stimulates changes in the cell wall that confine pathogen, LOCALIZED AND SPECIFIC! SHORT TERM

29
Q

what is systemic acquired resistance?

A

causes systemic expression of defense genes and is a long lasting response NONSPECIFIC BUT LONG-LASTING

30
Q

salicylic acid triggers?

A

the defense system to respond rapidly to another infection

31
Q

what is herbivory?

A

animals eating plants

32
Q

how do plants defend themselves against herbivory?

A

physical defenses like thrones and chemical defenses like tasting gross or toxins

33
Q

what are secondary metabolites?

A

do not aid in the growth and development of plants but are required for the plant to survive in its environment
a molecular level defense, chemical defenses like cocaine or nicotine

34
Q

what are trichomes?

A

a cellular level defense, structures that irritate organisms

35
Q

what is a tissue-level defense?

A

leaves are toughened by tissue

36
Q

what is an organ level defense?

A

leaves are modified into spines and bristles, stems turn into thornes

37
Q

what is organismal level defenses?

A

plants may respond to attack by altering flowering time

38
Q

what is population level defense?

A

some plants release chemicals in response to herbivore attack that trigger defense responses in nearby members of the population

39
Q

what is community level defense?

A

some plants “recruit” predatory animals that help defend against specific herbivores (usually diff species)

bio 213 (19 decks)

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