chapter 42 Flashcards
why is exchange easy for unicellular organisms?
there’s direct contact with the environment
what are the two basic adaptations for effective exchange in animal cells?
- be small or thin, places cell in direct contact
2. use of a circulatory system for larger organisms
what do animals do if they don’t have a a circulatory system?
they have a gastrovascular cavity that does digestion and gas exchange, only 2 cells thick
what are the three basic components for a circulatory system?
fluid-transport gases through body
vessel- where fluid flows through
muscular pump- power circulation
what is an open circulatory system?
dont have artery or veins, organs in “blood bath”, carries di/oxygenated blood in/out. in anthropods snails, clams, oysters
what is the open circulatory fluid called?
hemolymph or interstitial fluid
what is a closed circulatory system?
directly pumping blood from heart to organs, di/oxygenated blood not mixed, in worms and vertbrates
what is the closed circulatory fluid called?
blood
what is the advtange of open circulatory systems?
lower hydrostatic pressure= less energy
what is the advantage of a closed circulatory system?
high blood pressure= efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients
what is the closed circulaory system of humans and other vertbrates?
cardiovascular system
what are arteries?
always carrying blood away from heart to organs
what are arterioles?
branched arteries
what are beds?
gas exchange between blood and interstitual fluid
what are veins?
deoxygenated blood back to heart
what are venules?
picking up CO2 and going back to heart
w=how are arteries and vein distinguished?
direction of blood flow
?what do portal vessels do
carry blood between beds of capillaries
what is the artrium?
receives blood
what is the ventricle?
pumps blood out of heart
why is the ventricular muscle bigger?
it needs to pump blood out
in bony fishes, rays, and sharks, the heart consists of 2 chambers ____ and ____
atrium and ventricle
what is single circulation?
the blood passes through the heart once in each complete circuit through the body
how does swimming make up for low blood pressure in single circulation?
swimming contracts and relaxes the muscles and help accelerate the slow rate of circulation
the circulatory systems of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have 2 circuits called?
double circulation
what is a pulmonary circuit?
if capillary beds involved are all in the lungs (reptiles and mammals)
what is pulmocutaneous circuit?
if it includes capillaries in both lungs and skin (amphibians)
what is a systemic circuit?
when oxygenated blood leaves the gas exchange tissues it goes to the left side of the heart to be pumped into organs. once its used the now dioxygenated blood will return to the heart
what are intermittent breathers?
vertebrates that can go long periods without gas exchange bc they can breathe through their skin. shuts off blood flow to the lungs.
what do the left and right sides of the 4 chambered heart do?
left-oxygenated
right-dioxygenated
why do mammals and birds require more oxygen than ectotherms?
they need more energy
describe the pathway of a 4 chamber heart
- dioxygenated blood comes through right atrium
- goes to right ventricle pumps into pulmonary vein
- goes to pick up oxygen in lungs
- goes back to pulmonary veins
- enters left atrium (collecting chamber)
- left ventricle (pumping chamber)
- leaves through aorta
- back down into body
why do the atria have thin walls?
they are just collection chambers for returning blood, blood is relaxed
why do the ventricles have thicker walls?
because they have to pump blood
why does the left ventricle pump with greater force than the right even though its the same amount of blood?
it pumps to blood to the entire body
what is a cardiac cycle?
one complete sequence of pumping and filling
what is the contraction phase called?
systole
what is the relaxation phase called?
diastole
what is the cardiac output?
volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute
heart rate x stroke volume
what do valves do?
prevents backflow and keep blood moving in the right direction
what is the atroventricular valve?
separate each atrium and ventricle
what are semilunar valves?
located at the 2 exits of heart, where aorta leaves the left ventricle and where the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle
what creates the lub-dup sound?
recoil of blood against the closed AV valve and against the semilunar
what is a heart murmur?
backflow of blood through a defective valve
what type of specialization has specialized fluid?
closed circulation
what is plasma?
the liquid matrix of blood in which the blood cells are suspended in
what are blood electrolytes?
inorganic salts in the form of dissolved ions, buffer blood pH and maintain osmotic balance
how does plasma compare to interstitial fluid?
plasma has a higher protein concentration
what are some other functions of plasma?
immunity, escort lipids, blood clotting
what are the 2 types of blood cells?
red blood cells-transport oxygen
white blood cells- immunity
what are platelets?
cell fragments that are involved in the clotting process
what are the 5 major types of white blood cells?
monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
what are monocytes?
largest type, vacuum cleaner of white blood cells, longer-lived
what are neutrophils?
most abundant, fungal infections, form pus
what are basophils?
allergic reactions, antigens, histamines, rarest
what are eosinophils?
count fluctuates, allergies and parasitic, respiratory and urinary
what are lymphocytes?
common in lymphatic system
what are red blood cells also called?
erthrocytes
what is the advantage to red blood cells biconcave shape?
increase SA, increase rate of diffusion of oxygen
what is hemoglobin?
iron containing protein that transports oxygen
each molecule of hemoglobin binds how many molecules of oxygen?
4
why do red blood cells lack nuclei and mitochondria?
to make more space for hemoglobin
what is sickle cell disease?
an abnormal form of hemoglobin, distorts shape of red blood cell, caused by an alteration in amino acid sequence
what are the consequences of sickle cell disease?
clogs arteries, frequently rupture
where do erthrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets develop from?
multipotent stem cells
what is the role of the hormone erythropoeietin? (EPO)
kidneys secrete this when the tissues arent receiving enough oxygen and they want to make more red blood cells
what is coagulation?
conversion of liquid components of blood into a solid clot
what is fibrinogen?
the coagulant in its inactive form
how does fibrin form?
platelets release clotting factors that trigger the formation of throbin, throbin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
what is a thrombus?
blood clot in the blood vessels
why does the southeast US have so many heart disease cases?
fatty/fried foods, hot weather hinders physical activity
what is plaque?
acculturation of fatty deposits
what is atherosclerosis?
the hardening of arteries caused by plaque
how does plaque form in the arteries?
bad cholesterol builds up in the arteries
what does good cholesterol do?
carries cholesterol into liver
what is a heart attack?
cardiac muscle tissue damage/death from blockage of coronary arteries
how is a heart attack treated?
- insertion of mesh tube to expand artery
2. transplanting a blood vessel to bypass the blockage
what is a stroke?
death of nervous tissue in the brain due to lack of oxygen
what is a ischemic stroke?
most common, blocked arteries to the brain
what is a hemorrhaic stroke?
arteries to the brain leak or burst and then hemorrhaging occurs
what is transient ischemic attack?
a brief malfunction from blockage in eyes or brain
how do you keep a low LDL:HDL?
diet and excercise
what is a c-reactive protein?
produced in the liver, shows inflammation of body, sign of heart disease
what is the role of aspirin in heart attacks?
inhibits the inflammatory response
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure, leads to heart disease
why is sleep important?
sleep helps repair and heal the heart and blood vessels, and allows the cardiovascular system to rest, allowing other organs to be restored
