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chapter 40 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is anatomy?

A

biological form of an organism (physical attributes)

a result of the genome and millions of year of evolution

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2
Q

what is physiology?

A

biological function of an organism

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3
Q

what is fitness?

A

ability to pass on genes and keep species alive

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4
Q

how do long legs on an ant help it survive in the scorching desert heat?

A

heat doesn’t reach body because of its long legs

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5
Q

how are form and function correlated?

A

function explains form and how it gives an advantage to the organism

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6
Q

an animal’s ____ and ______ affect the way an animal interacts with its environment

A

size and shape

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7
Q

what is the most efficient shape for swimming and why?

A

torpedo shaped, reduce water friction and drag

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8
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

two different ancestors look similar bc of same environment (birds and bees)

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9
Q

how do air and gravity limit the maximum size of an animal?

A

gravity pulls down and you need a thicker skeleton to keep a larger body upright

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10
Q

exchange occurs as substances move across the _______

A

plasma cell membranes

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11
Q

in flat organisms like tapeworms, surface area ____ and volume ____

A

increases and decreases

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12
Q

in 3D organisms with the same surface area has a _____ volume. thus the SA:V ratio ______

A

larger and decreases

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13
Q

____ the number of cells ____ the SA:V ratio

A

increasing and decreases

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14
Q

how does specialized branching and folded structures change the SA:V ratio

A

it increases SA, leading to a larger SA:V ratio

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15
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid inbetween cells

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16
Q

what is circulatory fluid?

A

fluid in circulatory system (blood)

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17
Q

why is the exchange of interstitial and circulatory fluid important?

A

enables cells throughout the body to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes

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18
Q

what are cells?

A

basic unit of life (skin cells)

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19
Q

what are tissues?

A

groups of cells with similar look and function (muscle, fat)

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20
Q

what are organs?

A

different types of tissues working together (heart,liver)

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21
Q

what are organ systems?

A

different organs that work together toward a common goal (respiratory system)

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22
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination)

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23
Q

what is the function of the circulatory system?

A

internal distribution of materials in heart blood vessels and blood

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24
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange in lungs trachea and other breathing tubes

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25
Q

what is the function of the immune and lymphatic system?

A

body defense in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

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26
Q

what is the function of the excretory system?

A

disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood in kidneys, urinary tract

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27
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

coordination of body activities like digestion and metabolism by secretion of hormones in thyroid, pancreas, and pituitary

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28
Q

what is the function of the reproductive systems?

A

reproduction in ovaries and testes

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29
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them in brain spinal cord and nerves

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30
Q

what is the function of the skeletal system?

A

body support, protection of internal organs, movement in skeleton, bones tendons, ligaments, cartilage

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31
Q

what is the function of the integumentary system?

A

protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation in skin hair and claws

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32
Q

what is the function of the muscular system?

A

locomotion and other movement in skeletal muscles

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33
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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34
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body ; closely packed and form an active interface with the environment

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35
Q

what are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells?

A

cuboidal, columnar and squamous

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36
Q

what are the 3 arrangements epithelial cells?

A

simple, stratified, and psuedostratified

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37
Q

what is the function of cubodial epithelium?

A

specialized secretion

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38
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

secretion or active absorption

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39
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

work by diffusion, in blood vessels and lung air sacs

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40
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

regenerate quickly, are found in areas subject to abrasion like skin, mouth, ANUS LMFAO

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41
Q

what is the apical surface of the epithelia?

A

facing outside organ

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42
Q

what is the basal surface of the epithelia?

A

always facing inside of the organ

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43
Q

what is the function of connective tissue?

A

holding tissue and organs together

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44
Q

what is connective tissue made of?

A

extra cellular matrix- a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jellylike or solid foundation

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45
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?

A

fibers, ground substance, cells

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46
Q

what are fibroblasts?

A

secrete fiber proteins

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47
Q

what are macrophages?

A

enguld particles by phagocytosis

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48
Q

what are adiopcytes?

A

fat cells

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49
Q

what are mast cells?

A

specialized white blood cells; immune response and allergies

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50
Q

what are leucoytes?

A

helps fight infection

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51
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers?

A

collangenous, reticular, elastic

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52
Q

what is the function of collangenous fibers?

A

strength and flexibilty

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53
Q

what is the function of reticular fibers?

A

joining connective tissue to other tissues

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54
Q

what is the function of elastic fibers?

A

make tissue elastic

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55
Q

what are tendons?

A

attach muscle to bone

56
Q

what are ligaments?

A

attach bone to bone at joints

57
Q

what is loose connective tissue?

A

most common, binding to epithlial and holding to underlining tissue, holds organs in place, loose weave

58
Q

what is fibrous connective tissue?

A

very dense with fibers, found in tendons

59
Q

what is bone?

A

mineralized connected tissue, solid, skeletons

60
Q

what is adipose tissue?

A

stores fat distrubted around matrix

61
Q

what is blood?

A

liquid matrix made of water salts and proteins

62
Q

why is blood considered by to be a connective tissue?

A

saame organ as other connective tissue

connecting everything

63
Q

what is cartilage?

A

collangenuos fibers in a protein-carb complex, strong and flexible

64
Q

why is it easy to gain weight?

A

LMAO ISK

65
Q

what is muscle tissue responsible for?

A

all types of body movement

66
Q

what do actin and myosin do?

A

enable muscles to contract together

67
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

68
Q

what is skeletal muscle?

A

not smooth (has lines) responsible for VOLUNTARY movement; long bundles of muscle fibers

69
Q

what is smooth muscle?

A

smooth, responsible for involuntary movement (digestion)

70
Q

what is cardiac muscle?

A

found only in heart; relays from cell to cell to synchronize heart; has lines

71
Q

what is the funcction of nervous tissue?

A

receipt, processing, and transmission of info

72
Q

what are neurons?

A

receives signals from other neurons

73
Q

what are gilial cells?

A

help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

74
Q

how do animals manage their internal environemtn?

A

regulating or conforming

75
Q

what is a regulator?

A

use internal mechanism to control internal change when external fluctuates (humans)

76
Q

what is a conformer?

A

cannot regulate their own internal environment (fish)

77
Q

what regulator and conformers mutually exclusive?

A

no, bass conform to temperature but regulate salinity in blood

78
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

maintaining an internal balance

79
Q

what does negative feedback do?

A

back to stability

80
Q

what is does positive feedback do?

A

promotes instability; does not play a major role in homeostasis

81
Q

what are the steps of negative feedback?

A

stimulus, sensor, control, response

82
Q

what is circadian rhythm?

A

a set of physiological change that occur roughly every 24 hours

83
Q

what is acclimatization?

A

temporary and gradual change adjusting to external environment in individuals

84
Q

how is acclimatization different from adaption?

A

adaption is a permanent change occurring in a population

85
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

temperature regulation

86
Q

why is thermoregulation needed?

A

body processes aren’t as efficient

87
Q

can you be both endothermic and ectothermic?

A

yes, human goes into shade

88
Q

what is poikilothermy?

A

temperature varies with environment

89
Q

what is homeothermy?

A

temperature constant despite external environment

90
Q

what is heterothermy?

A

somewhere between homeothermy and poikilothermy LMAO

91
Q

how is homeothermy different from endothemic?

A

IDK

92
Q

why are poikilotherms different from ectotherms?

A

no fixed relationship between heat source and body temperature

93
Q

what is radiation?

A

gain/loss of heat depending on environment

94
Q

what is evaporation?

A

air movement to cool body

95
Q

what is convection?

A

transfer of heat

96
Q

what is conduction?

A

direct tranfser between 2 solid surfaces

97
Q

to maintain thermoregulation :

A

heat gain=heat loss

98
Q

what is the integumentary system?

A

protect body from damage, skin, hair, nails

99
Q

what are the 5 adaptations to help animals thermoregulate?

A

insulation, circulatory adaptions, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat production

100
Q

how does insulation work?

A

preventing flow of heat into environment

101
Q

water transmits heat _____ than in air

A

faster

102
Q

what are the 3 main insulation in animals?

A

hair/fur, feathers, blubber

103
Q

what is piloerection?

A

reaction to cold by raising fur or feathers to trap layer of warm air (goosebumps)

104
Q

what are circulatory adaptations?

A

alter amount of blood flowing between body core and skin

105
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

veins dilate, increases heat loss

106
Q

what is vasocontriction?

A

veins constrict, decreases heat loss

107
Q

how does countercurrent exchange work?

A
  1. arteries are moving in opposite directions

2. aligned close enough for heat to increase/decrease

108
Q

what happens in countercurrent flow?

A

small gradient maintained, conserves heat

109
Q

what happens in concurrent flow?

A

large gradients disappear quickly, not usually favored

110
Q

What are some examples of cooling by evaporative heat loss?

A

sweating, panting, fluttering

111
Q

what is thermogenesis?

A

internally generating heat to match rate of heat loss, can by increasing by muscle movement

112
Q

what do small endotherms do to warm up before flight?

A

shiver before flight

113
Q

what is non-shivering thermogenesis?

A

mitochrondria creates heat instead of ATP, found in baby animals and hibernating animals

114
Q

how do endotherms acclimatize for thermoregulation?

A

adjusting insulin by shedding

115
Q

what are the 3 methods that ectotherms acclimatize for thermoregulation?

A

enzymes, lipids, antifreeze compounds

116
Q

how do enzymes adjust for thermoregulation in ectotherms?

A

change the optimum temperature

117
Q

how do lipids adjust for thermoregulation in ectotherms?

A

change proportion of unsaturated lipids (unsaturated keep membranes fluids are lower temps)

118
Q

how do antifreeze compounds adjust for thermoregulation in ectotherms?

A

produce “antifreeze” to prevent ice forming in cells

119
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

brain region that controls circadian clock and thermoregulation, a bundle of nerves serves as a thermostat

120
Q

what is a fever?

A

elevated body temp in endotherms to kill of pathogens

121
Q

what is bioenergetics?

A

the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal; determines nutritional needs and it affected by animal size, activity, and environment

122
Q

what is biosynthesis?

A

making of biological molecules needed for body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material, and production of gametes; generates heat

123
Q

what is metabolic rate?

A

the sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval

124
Q

metabolic rate can be determined by

A

heat loss, oxygen consumed, CO2 produced, food consumption, chemical energy loss in waste

125
Q

what is basal metabolic rate?

A

the minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm that is at reast, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress

126
Q

what is standard metabolic rate

A

the metabolic rate of a fasting nonstressed ectotherm at rest

127
Q

smaller animals have a _____ metabolic rate per gram than larger animals

A

higher

128
Q

what is maximum metabolic rates?

A

the highest rate of ATP use; occurs during peak activity

129
Q

what is torpor?

A

animal state of deceased activity, lowers temp and metabolism; hibernation

130
Q

what is daily torpor?

A

less than 24 hours, found in all endotherms; birds mice bats

131
Q

what is hibernation?

A

long term torpor, adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity, body temp declines

132
Q

what is estivation?

A

summer torpor, adaptation to high temp and scarce water, lower metabolic rates; snails, crocodiles, land crabs

133
Q

what is the deep water technique in frogs?

A

frogs lay in deep waters to hibernate. take in oxygen from their skin. do not freeze.

134
Q

how do frogs hibernate on land?

A

burrow in soil to an area where frost cant get them

135
Q

talk about frogcicles.

A

formation of ice crystals tear up cells so these frogs flood their cells with glucose as an antifreeze.

136
Q

talk about the opah fish

A

keeps temp 5C higher than environment, heat loss is diminished by its dense network of blood vessels (countercurrent heat exchange) flaps fins for warmth

137
Q

what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

forms mucous membrane that lines respiratory tract

bio 213 (19 decks)

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