chapter 40 Flashcards
what is anatomy?
biological form of an organism (physical attributes)
a result of the genome and millions of year of evolution
what is physiology?
biological function of an organism
what is fitness?
ability to pass on genes and keep species alive
how do long legs on an ant help it survive in the scorching desert heat?
heat doesn’t reach body because of its long legs
how are form and function correlated?
function explains form and how it gives an advantage to the organism
an animal’s ____ and ______ affect the way an animal interacts with its environment
size and shape
what is the most efficient shape for swimming and why?
torpedo shaped, reduce water friction and drag
what is convergent evolution?
two different ancestors look similar bc of same environment (birds and bees)
how do air and gravity limit the maximum size of an animal?
gravity pulls down and you need a thicker skeleton to keep a larger body upright
exchange occurs as substances move across the _______
plasma cell membranes
in flat organisms like tapeworms, surface area ____ and volume ____
increases and decreases
in 3D organisms with the same surface area has a _____ volume. thus the SA:V ratio ______
larger and decreases
____ the number of cells ____ the SA:V ratio
increasing and decreases
how does specialized branching and folded structures change the SA:V ratio
it increases SA, leading to a larger SA:V ratio
what is interstitial fluid?
fluid inbetween cells
what is circulatory fluid?
fluid in circulatory system (blood)
why is the exchange of interstitial and circulatory fluid important?
enables cells throughout the body to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes
what are cells?
basic unit of life (skin cells)
what are tissues?
groups of cells with similar look and function (muscle, fat)
what are organs?
different types of tissues working together (heart,liver)
what are organ systems?
different organs that work together toward a common goal (respiratory system)
what is the function of the digestive system?
food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination)
what is the function of the circulatory system?
internal distribution of materials in heart blood vessels and blood
what is the function of the respiratory system?
gas exchange in lungs trachea and other breathing tubes
what is the function of the immune and lymphatic system?
body defense in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
what is the function of the excretory system?
disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood in kidneys, urinary tract
what is the function of the endocrine system?
coordination of body activities like digestion and metabolism by secretion of hormones in thyroid, pancreas, and pituitary
what is the function of the reproductive systems?
reproduction in ovaries and testes
what is the function of the nervous system?
coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them in brain spinal cord and nerves
what is the function of the skeletal system?
body support, protection of internal organs, movement in skeleton, bones tendons, ligaments, cartilage
what is the function of the integumentary system?
protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation in skin hair and claws
what is the function of the muscular system?
locomotion and other movement in skeletal muscles
what are the 4 types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
what is epithelial tissue?
covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body ; closely packed and form an active interface with the environment
what are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells?
cuboidal, columnar and squamous
what are the 3 arrangements epithelial cells?
simple, stratified, and psuedostratified
what is the function of cubodial epithelium?
specialized secretion
what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
secretion or active absorption
what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
work by diffusion, in blood vessels and lung air sacs
What is stratified squamous epithelium?
regenerate quickly, are found in areas subject to abrasion like skin, mouth, ANUS LMFAO
what is the apical surface of the epithelia?
facing outside organ
what is the basal surface of the epithelia?
always facing inside of the organ
what is the function of connective tissue?
holding tissue and organs together
what is connective tissue made of?
extra cellular matrix- a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jellylike or solid foundation
What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?
fibers, ground substance, cells
what are fibroblasts?
secrete fiber proteins
what are macrophages?
enguld particles by phagocytosis
what are adiopcytes?
fat cells
what are mast cells?
specialized white blood cells; immune response and allergies
what are leucoytes?
helps fight infection
what are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers?
collangenous, reticular, elastic
what is the function of collangenous fibers?
strength and flexibilty
what is the function of reticular fibers?
joining connective tissue to other tissues
what is the function of elastic fibers?
make tissue elastic
what are tendons?
attach muscle to bone
what are ligaments?
attach bone to bone at joints
what is loose connective tissue?
most common, binding to epithlial and holding to underlining tissue, holds organs in place, loose weave
what is fibrous connective tissue?
very dense with fibers, found in tendons
what is bone?
mineralized connected tissue, solid, skeletons
what is adipose tissue?
stores fat distrubted around matrix
what is blood?
liquid matrix made of water salts and proteins
why is blood considered by to be a connective tissue?
saame organ as other connective tissue
connecting everything
what is cartilage?
collangenuos fibers in a protein-carb complex, strong and flexible
why is it easy to gain weight?
LMAO ISK
what is muscle tissue responsible for?
all types of body movement
what do actin and myosin do?
enable muscles to contract together
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
what is skeletal muscle?
not smooth (has lines) responsible for VOLUNTARY movement; long bundles of muscle fibers
what is smooth muscle?
smooth, responsible for involuntary movement (digestion)
what is cardiac muscle?
found only in heart; relays from cell to cell to synchronize heart; has lines
what is the funcction of nervous tissue?
receipt, processing, and transmission of info
what are neurons?
receives signals from other neurons
what are gilial cells?
help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
how do animals manage their internal environemtn?
regulating or conforming
what is a regulator?
use internal mechanism to control internal change when external fluctuates (humans)
what is a conformer?
cannot regulate their own internal environment (fish)
what regulator and conformers mutually exclusive?
no, bass conform to temperature but regulate salinity in blood
what is homeostasis?
maintaining an internal balance
what does negative feedback do?
back to stability
what is does positive feedback do?
promotes instability; does not play a major role in homeostasis
what are the steps of negative feedback?
stimulus, sensor, control, response
what is circadian rhythm?
a set of physiological change that occur roughly every 24 hours
what is acclimatization?
temporary and gradual change adjusting to external environment in individuals
how is acclimatization different from adaption?
adaption is a permanent change occurring in a population
what is thermoregulation?
temperature regulation
why is thermoregulation needed?
body processes aren’t as efficient
can you be both endothermic and ectothermic?
yes, human goes into shade
what is poikilothermy?
temperature varies with environment
what is homeothermy?
temperature constant despite external environment
what is heterothermy?
somewhere between homeothermy and poikilothermy LMAO
how is homeothermy different from endothemic?
IDK
why are poikilotherms different from ectotherms?
no fixed relationship between heat source and body temperature
what is radiation?
gain/loss of heat depending on environment
what is evaporation?
air movement to cool body
what is convection?
transfer of heat
what is conduction?
direct tranfser between 2 solid surfaces
to maintain thermoregulation :
heat gain=heat loss
what is the integumentary system?
protect body from damage, skin, hair, nails
what are the 5 adaptations to help animals thermoregulate?
insulation, circulatory adaptions, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat production
how does insulation work?
preventing flow of heat into environment
water transmits heat _____ than in air
faster
what are the 3 main insulation in animals?
hair/fur, feathers, blubber
what is piloerection?
reaction to cold by raising fur or feathers to trap layer of warm air (goosebumps)
what are circulatory adaptations?
alter amount of blood flowing between body core and skin
what is vasodilation?
veins dilate, increases heat loss
what is vasocontriction?
veins constrict, decreases heat loss
how does countercurrent exchange work?
- arteries are moving in opposite directions
2. aligned close enough for heat to increase/decrease
what happens in countercurrent flow?
small gradient maintained, conserves heat
what happens in concurrent flow?
large gradients disappear quickly, not usually favored
What are some examples of cooling by evaporative heat loss?
sweating, panting, fluttering
what is thermogenesis?
internally generating heat to match rate of heat loss, can by increasing by muscle movement
what do small endotherms do to warm up before flight?
shiver before flight
what is non-shivering thermogenesis?
mitochrondria creates heat instead of ATP, found in baby animals and hibernating animals
how do endotherms acclimatize for thermoregulation?
adjusting insulin by shedding
what are the 3 methods that ectotherms acclimatize for thermoregulation?
enzymes, lipids, antifreeze compounds
how do enzymes adjust for thermoregulation in ectotherms?
change the optimum temperature
how do lipids adjust for thermoregulation in ectotherms?
change proportion of unsaturated lipids (unsaturated keep membranes fluids are lower temps)
how do antifreeze compounds adjust for thermoregulation in ectotherms?
produce “antifreeze” to prevent ice forming in cells
what is the hypothalamus?
brain region that controls circadian clock and thermoregulation, a bundle of nerves serves as a thermostat
what is a fever?
elevated body temp in endotherms to kill of pathogens
what is bioenergetics?
the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal; determines nutritional needs and it affected by animal size, activity, and environment
what is biosynthesis?
making of biological molecules needed for body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material, and production of gametes; generates heat
what is metabolic rate?
the sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval
metabolic rate can be determined by
heat loss, oxygen consumed, CO2 produced, food consumption, chemical energy loss in waste
what is basal metabolic rate?
the minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm that is at reast, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress
what is standard metabolic rate
the metabolic rate of a fasting nonstressed ectotherm at rest
smaller animals have a _____ metabolic rate per gram than larger animals
higher
what is maximum metabolic rates?
the highest rate of ATP use; occurs during peak activity
what is torpor?
animal state of deceased activity, lowers temp and metabolism; hibernation
what is daily torpor?
less than 24 hours, found in all endotherms; birds mice bats
what is hibernation?
long term torpor, adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity, body temp declines
what is estivation?
summer torpor, adaptation to high temp and scarce water, lower metabolic rates; snails, crocodiles, land crabs
what is the deep water technique in frogs?
frogs lay in deep waters to hibernate. take in oxygen from their skin. do not freeze.
how do frogs hibernate on land?
burrow in soil to an area where frost cant get them
talk about frogcicles.
formation of ice crystals tear up cells so these frogs flood their cells with glucose as an antifreeze.
talk about the opah fish
keeps temp 5C higher than environment, heat loss is diminished by its dense network of blood vessels (countercurrent heat exchange) flaps fins for warmth
what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
forms mucous membrane that lines respiratory tract
