Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio 213 > chapter 54 > Flashcards

chapter 54 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a community?

A

an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an ecological niche/role?

A

the sum of a species use of a/biotic resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a niche?

A

everything a species use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a fundemental niche?

A

all factors that a species lives in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a realized niche?

A

where it really lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are interspecific interactions?

A

relationships between species in a community; competition, herbivory, symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is predation?

A

refers to an interaction in which 1 species kills and eats the prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some feeding adaptations?

A

claws, fangs, poison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some defensive adaptations?

A

behavioral: camouflage
chemical defenses: skunk smell
mechanical: spikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is crypsis?

A

blending in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is aposomatism?

A

warning colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is homotypy?

A

prey resembles something that a predator thinks is inedible (leaf, dirt,etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is mimicry?

A

mimics another species for protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is batesian mimicry?

A

harmless species mimics a harmful animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is mullerian mimicry?

A

two or more inedible species resemble each other ->predator wont go for anything that looks like them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how can mimicry be used by predators?

A

octopus can mimic the movement and appearance of marine animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is parasitism?

A

the parasite derives nourishment from the host, who is harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some examples of microparasites?

A

viruses, protists; smaller than hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are some examples of macroparasites?

A

leeches, fleas, mosquitos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are endoparasites?

A

inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are ectoparasites?

A

outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are some human features that deal with ectoparasites?

A

hairlessness, standing upright, possible thumbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is mutualism?

A

interspecific interaction that benefits both species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is obligate mutualism?

A

cannot live on their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is facultative mutualism?

A

both can live on their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is competitive exclusion?

A

local elimination of a competing species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is resource partitioning?

A

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is character displacement?

A

tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric (same area) populations of two species than in allopatric (different areas) populations of the same two species

30
Q

what is commensalism?

A

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

31
Q

what is facilitation?

A

a plant interaction in which one species has positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact.

32
Q

what is species diversity?

A

the variety of organisms that make up the community

33
Q

species diversity is made up of?

A

species richness and relative abundance

34
Q

what is species richness?

A

number of species in a community

35
Q

what is relative abundance?

A

proportion of each species

36
Q

how can diversity be compared?

A

using the shannon diversity index

37
Q

what is the equation of the shannon diversity index?

A

H=-(PalnPa + PblnPb + etc…)
p is the abundance of each species (probability)
higher h=more diversity

38
Q

communities with ______ diversity are better

A

higher

39
Q

what is biomass?

A

the total mass of all organisms

40
Q

what are invasive species?

A

organisms that become established outside their native range

41
Q

why are communities with higher diversity better?

A

more productive, more biomass
more stable in their productivity
better at withstanding environmental stresses
more resistant to invasive species

42
Q

what is a trophic structure?

A

feeding relationships between organisms in a community

43
Q

producers are _____

A

autotrophs

44
Q

consumers are ______

A

heterotrophs

45
Q

can you have a secondary producer?

A

no because producers dont have to eat others

46
Q

what is energetic hypothesis?

A

food chain lengths are limited by inefficient energy transfer, only 10% of energy is transferred to the next level

47
Q

why is is only 10% energy transferred?

A

consumer use that energy for other purposes so when others eat them they only get 10%

48
Q

what are detritivores?

A

they eat dead material

49
Q

why are detritvores important?

A

ultimate recyclers; plants are able to use nutrients over and over again

50
Q

what are some examples of detritivores?

A

bacteria, fungi, mice, insects, worms

51
Q

what are dominant species?

A

those that are the most abundant or have the highest biomass; usually the most competitive at exploiting resources or most successful at avoiding predators

52
Q

why are invasive species bad?

A

usually become dominant very quick because theres no competition

53
Q

what are keystone species?

A

exert strong control on a community by their ecological niches; alter biotic factors; affect environment just by being there

54
Q

what are ecosystem engineers? (foundation species)

A

cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure (beavers)

55
Q

what is the bottom-up model?

A

proposes an unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels
nutrients->plants->herbivores->predators

56
Q

what is a top down model (trophic cascade) ?

A

predators->herbivores->plants->nutrients

57
Q

what is a disturbance?

A

event that changes community, removes species+resources, flood, fire, earthquake

58
Q

what is a nonequilibrium model?

A

communities constantly changing because of disturbances

59
Q

a high level of disturbance _____ diversity because of stress

A

reduces

60
Q

a low level of disturbance _____ diversity because of competition

A

reduces

61
Q

what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance

62
Q

what is ecological succession?

A

predictable change in community after disturbance

63
Q

what is primary succession?

A

starting over again from rock

64
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

some soil left after disturbance

65
Q

what is cyclical succession?

A

disturbance happens over and over again; depends on the disturbances

66
Q

what is heterotrophic succession?

A

energy is greatest at the beginning, biomass and diversity DECREASE over time

67
Q

what are the three stages of decomposition?

A

autolysis, putrefaction, and dry decay

68
Q

what is autolysis?

A

fermentation changes; release of gases

69
Q

what is putrefaction?

A

body becomes liquidy

70
Q

what is dry decay?

A

all fluid is gone, bones and fur are left

71
Q

what is moraine?

A

glacier debris that allows for growth

72
Q

what are some ways to spot fake news?

A

based on peer reviewed work?
is the data cherry picked?
is denying climate change all they write about?
where was the news published?

bio 213 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions