chapter 50 Flashcards
whats up with the star nose mole?
uses the nose thing to touch, is blind
what is sensory reception?
the detection of a stimulus by sensory cells
what is a sensory receptor?
describes a sensory cell or organ, can detect outside and internal stimuli, response is to open or close ion channels to change membrane potential to change receptor potential
what is sensory transduction?
the conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor
what is receptor potential?
change in membrane potential
what is transmission?
moving sensory information to nerves
what is integration?
here information is stored received and processed
what are perceptions?
constructions formed in the brain and do not exists outside of it
how does the brain know the difference between different stimuli?
what pathway it goes down
what is amplification?
strengthening sensory input
what is sensory adaption?
decreased response to stimulation (or else brain would overwork)
what are the 5 sensory receptors?
mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, electroreceptors, thermoreceptor, and nociceptors
what are mechanoreceptors?
sense physical deformation through hair (pressure motion, sound)
what are chemoreceptors?
general-transmit info about total solute concentration
specific- respond to individual kinds of molecules
what are electromeagnetic receptors?
detect forms of electromagnetic energy like light, electricity, and magnetism
what are thermoreceptors?
detect heat and cold
what is the spicy substance?
capsaicin
what are nociceptors?
detect painful or harmful stimuli
what do prostaglandins do?
makes sure body withdraws from source of pain
what is a statocyst?
balance organs in invertebrates (humans do not have)
what are statoliths?
grains in a ciliated chamber
how do statocysts and statoliths work to create a sense of gravity and sound in invertebrates?
when the organism moves the statoliths resettles, stimulating the mechnoreceptors and gives the animals a sense of balance
how do insects use sound?
body hairs respond to sound and it vibrates over their body. different hair stiffness creates different frequencies
what is the pinna?
external ear
what is the middle ear?
small bones that take vibrations and transmits into oval window
what is the round window?
connecting the middle and inner ear, through which sound vibrations of the stapes are transmitted
what is the eustachain tube used for?
pressure
why is the cochlea of unequal thickness?
the thick parts detect a higher frequency while a thin part detects a low frequency
what do the utricle and saccule do?
allows us to perceive position with respect to gravity or linear movement
what does the perilymph do?
“ear stones” called otoliths press on hair protruding in the gel
what is vertigo?
dizzy all the time
what is BPPV?
otoconia dislodged and interferes with normal fluid movement and gives a false signal to the brain
what is meniere’s disease?
genetic, buildup of fluid. severe ringing in ears
what is labrynthitis?
inflammation of inner ear, usually after an infection
what is the lateral line system?
water entering bends cupula, senses movement. also hears sound by sensing vibrations in water
what is echolocation?
the location of objects by reflected sound, in particular that used by animals such as dolphins and bats.
what are photoreceptors?
light absorbing pigments in sensory neurons
how do planarian worms detect light?
through their eyespots, they move away from light
what are compound eyes?
consists of several thousand light detectors called ommatidia
what are single-lens eyes?
a single lens directs light on a layer of photoreceptors
what is the pupil?
a small opening
what is the iris?
changes diameter of pupil to control amount of light taken in.
how do fish eyes work?
moves lens backwards or forwards
how do human eyes work?
change shape of lens, more round or flattened
what are rods?
light and dark, contrast
what are cones?
color
what happens when light strikes the rods and cones?
hyperpolarize, shutting off release of glutamate
what is the optic chiasm?
where 2 optic nerves meet, left visuals are transmitted to the right side of the brain, right visuals are transmitted to the left side.
what about nocturnal animals?
they need more rods than cones to help their night vision
what are the 3 types of photopsins?
s (blue) m (green) l (red)
how does focusing work?
changes shape of the lens
for near vision the lens becomes
round
for long distance vision the lens becomes
flattened
why do old people need reading glasses?
lens becomes stiff, unable to change shape
what is the fovea?
center of visual field, no rods many cones
what are gustation?
detection of chemicals called tastants (taste)
what are olffaction?
smell, detects odorants
what are the taste receptors in insects?
on sensory hairs on feet
what are the 5 tastes?
sweet sour bitter salty umami
what receptors do taste buds have?
have all receptors, but each receptor is specific to 1 taste
what is the tapetum lucidem?
mirror like layer behind retina, helps with low light vision
what are nasal turbinates?
highly folded bones in marine mammals that increase smell
what is the vomeronasal organ?
detect pheromones
