chapter 41 Flashcards
what is a saprobe?
absorb nutrients from dead organic matter and can’t move
what are detritivores?
actively feed on dead stuff, bacteria, earthworms, can move
what are herbivores?
eats plants, cows, pandas
what are omnivores?
eats both meat and plants, humans
what are carnivores?
eats meat, wolves
what are fluid feeders?
feeds on fluid, mosquitoes
what are filter feeders?
aquatic organisms that filter water, clams mussels, sponges
what are opportunists?
will feed outside their category is necessary
what are the 3 nutritional needs for an adequate diet?
chemical energy (producing ATP), organic building blocks, essential nutrients
what are essential nutrients?
must be obtained as animals can’t make it, used for substrates for enzymes (coenzymes and cofactors for biosynthesis) consist of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
how many esstienal amino acids are there?
20, 11 synthesized, 9 are esstienal
what proteins provide all the esstiential amino acids?
animal proteins (eggs, meat,cheese,soy), complete proteins
what are incomplete proteins?
deficient in one or more amino acids, plant proteins
what do vegettarians do to get a balanced diet?
mix different food together
what are fatty acids?
obtained from diet, needed to synthesize cellular compounds, found in seeds grains vegetables, defciencies are rare
what are vitamins?
organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts
what are the two groups of vitamins?
water soluble and fat soluble
what is B1 (thiamine)?
pork, legumes, peanuts whole grains
beriberi (tingling, poor coordination, reduced heart function)
what is b2 (riboflavin)?
dairy products, meat,s enriched grains, vegetables
skin lesions
what is b3 (niacin)?
nuts, meats, grains
skin and gastrointestinal lesions, delusions, confusion
what is b5 (pantothenic acid)?
meats, dairy, grains, fruits, veggies
fatigue numbness, tingly
what is b6 (pyridoxine)?
meats, vegggies, grains
anemia, convulsions, irritability, twitching
what is b7 (biotin)?
legumes, veggies, meats
scaly skin, neuro-muscular disorders
what is b9 (folic acid)?
green veeggies, oranges, nuts, legumes, whole grains, anemia BIRTH DEFECTS
what is b12 (cobalamin)?
meats, eggs, dairy
anemia, numbness, loss of balance
what is vitamin A (reintol)?
dark green and orange veggies and fruits, dairy
blindness, skin disorders, impaired immunity
what is vitamin D ?
dairy product and egg yolk
bone deformities in children and bone softening in adults
what are minerals?
simple inorganic nutrients
what is malnutrition?
failure to obtain adequate nutrition, lacks one or more essential nutrients
scurvy is lack of?
vitamin c
anemia is lack of?
iron
phosphorus deficiency is found in?
herbivores
what is pernicious anemia?
inability to absrob b12
what is undernutrition?
caused by a diet that fails to provide enough chemical energy, found in eating disorders or disruption of food (drought, war, disaster)
what happens when an organism is undernourished?
it uses all of its stored fat and starts breaking down its own proteins
why do pregnant take folic acid?
it decreases chance of birth defects
what is ingestion?
the act of eating or feeding
what are the 4 stage of food processing?
ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination
what is substrate feeding?
lives on food, caterpillars
what is bulk feeding?
animals that ingest large amounts of food, lions, snakes
what are incisors used for?
cutting chopping or gnawing
what are canines used for?
stabbing, gripping or ripping
what are molars used for?
shearing, crushing, or grinding
what is digestion?
breaking down food
why is SA:V ratio important for digestion?
the smaller the pieces, the easier it is for enzymes to digest it
what are gizzards?
birds grinding food with small stones
what is chemical digestion?
split food into molecules to pass through membranes
what is mechanical digestion?
mouth chewing
protease breaks down
amino acids
carbohydrase breaks down
carbs
peptidase breaks down
peptides
lipase breaks down
lipids
nuclease breaks down
nucleic acids
what is absorption?
uptake of nutrients by body cells
what is elimination?
the passage of undigested material out of digestive system
what is phagocytosis?
cell engulfs solid food
what is pinocytosis?
cell engulfs liquid food
why is extracelluar digestion needed?
allows animals to ingest larger pieces of food
why is intracellular digestion needed?
so we don’t digest our own body
what is the gastrovascular cavities?
connected to outside through single opening (poop and eat in same mouth)
what is an alimentary canal?
complete tube, mouth and anus
what are accessory glands?
secrete juices for digestion, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
what is the peristalsis?
wave like contractions of smooth muscles
what is the sphincters?
constricted area; regulates movement of food in different compartments (top of stomach to stop acid, bottom of stomach to regulate food)
what is the role of teeth?
to make food easier to swallow but grinding
what is the purpose of salivary glands?
to initiate chemical digestion and protect the oral cavity
what is amylase?
hydrolyze starch and glycogen
what is mucus?
made of water, salt, and cells, and glycoproteins
protects lining and lubes food
what are lysozymes?
protects from bacteria
the release of saliva is _____
a reflex
what is the function of the tongue?
to shape food into a ball
what is the trachea?
connects larynx to lungs
what is the function of the epiglottis?
to keep food from going into trachea
why do we cough?
food goes into the trachea
what are peristaltic contractions?
help push food down
what is the role of the stomach?
store food, begining digestion of proteins, located below diaphragm
what does the stomach secrete and what is produced?
secretes gastric juices, and when mixed with food becomes chyme
what are the 2 components of gastric juise?
HCl and pepsin
what is the function of HCl?
disrupts cellular matrix of meat and plants
what is pepsin (a protease)?
breaks down protein
what is the pH of gastric juice?
low pH denatures proteins and kills of bacteria
why do we need mucus in our stomach?
protects stomach acid
gastric juices are produced by
parietal and chief cells
what are chief cells?
secrete inactive pepsinogen
what are parietal cells?
pumps hydrogen and chloride ions into stomach
what causes gastric ulcers?
caused by bacteria hidden inside stomach folds, not exposed to stomach acid
what is heartburn?
chyme up esophagus
what happens in the small intestine?
enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food
what is the duodenum?
first portion of small intestine, chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and from the small intestine
what does the pancreas produce?
bicarbonate (to neutralize the acidity of chyme and acts as a buffer
proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) in active forms and then activated in the lumen of the duodenum
what is bile?
act as detergents that help digesting and absorption of lipids, made in the liver, and stared in the gallbladder
what are detergents?
emulsifies, breaks down fats, keeps things separate so lipase can get to it
what does bile have to do with red blood cells?
destroys nonfunctional red blood cells and leaves through the feces
what does bile have to do with jaundice?
bile pigments accumulate in the skin in liver+blood disorders which causes yellowing of skin
what are villi and microvilli?
small extensions in the small intestines
what molecule uses passive transport?
fructose
what molecules use active transpiort?
amino acids, peptides, vitamins
what is cotransport?
more than 1 molecule gets transported, needs energy
what is the purpose of the heptic portal vein?
carries nutrient rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver than heart, allows the liver to regulate nutrient distribution and detoxification
where is the cecum and what is its function?
fermentation of plant material
what is the role of the appendix?
slight role in immunity
what is the function of the rectum?
where feces is stored until they can be eliminated
what is the function of role of the colon?
reabsorbs water to go into the kidneys
why does diarrhea occur?
less water absorbed then normal
why does constipation occur?
too much water gets absorbed, too hard to pass
the inner sphincter is ______
involuntary
the outer sphincter is ______
voluntary
what is coprophagy?
eating of feces for nutrients
what is allocoprophagy?
eating eating poop of the same species
what is autocoprophagy?
eating your own poop
what is dentition?
animal’s teeth, structural adaptation
why do carnivores need an expandable stomach?
they need to eat as much as possible because they don’t know when their next meal will be
why do herbivoes/onmivores need a longer digestive system?
because they need to digest plants for a longer time (cell walls)
what are fermentation chambers?
mutualisitic bacteria that digest cellulose in specialized stomachs
what are ruminants?
cud chewing animals (cow, deer, sheep)
how does the endocrine system regulate digestion?
release and transport of hormones
what is CCK?
hormone in small intestines that cause gallbladder to release bile
what happens in humans when energy-rich molecules are not needed immediately?
it gets stroed in the liver and muscle cells as glycogen fat
what is gluconeogensis?
pathway that forms glucose from amino acids in liver
what happens if fewer calories than needed are ingested?
body burns through glycogen then muscle then fat
what is glucose and why is it important?
its a major energy molecule thats used for carbon skeleton and biosynthesis
where does glucose homeotstasis occur?
liver
what do the islets of the pancreas do?
alpha cell-make glucagon
beta cells-make insulin
what is diabetes caused by?
deficiency in insulin or lower response in target tissues
what is diabetes?
cells cant take up glucose to meet metabolic demands
describe type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune disease that youre born with, destroys B cells. insulin independent.
describe type 2 diabetes
caused by overweightness and occurs after 40. insulin dependent
what is ghrelin?
hormone that promotes hunger
what is insulin and PYY?
hormone that suppress hunger
what is leptin?
hormone that regulates body fat
talk about purple bread
its digested 20% slower than reg bread
whats one method of combating obesity?
taxing unhealthy foods while making healthier food cheaper
how did dogs help with the discovery of the diabetes cure?
one had its pancreas taken out
