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chapter 53 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a population?

A

group of individuals of the same species

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2
Q

what are population dynamics?

A

study of how populations change over time

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3
Q

what is population density?

A

number of individuals in a certain area (area=terrestrial, volume=aquatic)

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4
Q

what is immigration?

A

movement of individuals into a population

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5
Q

what is emigration?

A

movement of organisms out of a population

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6
Q

immigration and births ___ individuals to a population

A

add

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7
Q

deaths and emigration ___ individuals from a population

A

remove

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8
Q

how to measure population density?

A

measure number and density of individuals, rates of demographic events (immigration, emigration), location of individuals (might not be there all the time),

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9
Q

what is the mark recapture method?

A

scientists capture, tag, and release a random sample of individuals in a population. scientists capture a second sample of individuals and note how many are marked

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10
Q

what is the equation for population size estimated by mark recapture?

A

(# tagged in 1st round* # captured in 2nd round)/ how many marked in 2nd round

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11
Q

what are the 3 patterns of dispersion?

A

clumped, uniform and random

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12
Q

what are patterns of dispersion?

A

pattern of spacing in a population

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13
Q

describe clumped dispersion

A

clumped for mating purposes or protection from predators or good resources

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14
Q

describe uniform dispersion

A

territorial or dont want to share resources

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15
Q

describe random dispersion

A

no strong attraction/repulsion. least common

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16
Q

what is allelopathy?

A

has toxin so other plants cant live nearby

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17
Q

what is demography?

A

vital statistics of a population

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18
Q

what are life tables?

A

age specific summary of the survival pattern of a population (to see how they survive)

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19
Q

what are cohorts?

A

an individual in a population of the same species.

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20
Q

what are age-dependent life tables?

A

tracking demographic events as calendar age

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21
Q

what are stage-dependent life tables?

A

used for organisms like frogs, insects, etc

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22
Q

what is the first survivorship curve?

A

low death rate in beginning and middle; humans

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23
Q

what it the second survivorship curve?

A

constant death rate; beldings ground squirrels

24
Q

what is the third survivorship curve?

A

most die in the beginning but those who live get to live for a long ass time; have to make lots of babies; birds

25
Q

what are reproductive rates?

A

estimates potential for growth, tracks everything about a litter, only for females

26
Q

what is the equation per capita rate of increase?

A

change in population=births+immigrants-deaths-emigrants

27
Q

when does zero growth happen?

A

when births+immigrants= deaths-emigrants

28
Q

when does exponential population growth occur?

A

under idealized conditions; j shaped curve

29
Q

what are some idealized conditions?

A

no predators, more food, more shelter, no disease, resistance to medicine

30
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

when a strain resists a type of medicine

31
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

max of number f individuals that an environment can support; varies with the abundance of limiting resources

32
Q

what is logistic growth?

A

the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity

33
Q

what is the allee effect?

A

individuals may have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the population size is too small

34
Q

what if life history?

A

the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival

35
Q

what are the 3 variables of life history?

A

usual reproduction age, how often they reproduce, amount per pregnancy

36
Q

what is semelparity?

A

they nut and then die; aka the big nut
octopuc, salmon, squid, agave
prefers variable environments

37
Q

what is iteroparity?

A

repeated pregnancies

prefers stable environment

38
Q

what is k selection?

A

density-dependent selection sensitive to population

39
Q

what is r selection?

A

density independent selection, maximize population at low density

40
Q

describe dependent populations

A

limited resources; predators, competition, territoriality, disease

41
Q

describe density independent populations

A

typically abiotic

42
Q

describe how resource abundance affect population densites among species

A

less food-> not everyone can eat->competition

43
Q

describe how size of individuals affect population densities among species

A

the smaller the individual size-> less energy needed-> increase in population

44
Q

describe how social organizations affect population densities among species

A

individuals work together

45
Q

describe how introduced species affect population densities among species

A

reach max population b/c the new species dont have predators or pathogens

46
Q

describe how evolutionary history affect population densities among species

A

if they usually had a large density then, they will have a large density now

47
Q

describe how polyploidy and founder effects affect population densities among species

A

abnormal cell division-> drive genetics into a new species

48
Q

describe how threatened species affect population densities among species

A

small population

49
Q

describe how vicariance affect population densities among species

A

land barrier causes population to split->speciation

50
Q

what increases when a population becomes crowded and resource competition increases?

A

emigration

51
Q

what are metapopulations?

A

groups of population linked by emigration; habitat will have good and bad parts

52
Q

how to maintain zero population growth?

A

high birth rates and high death rates

low birth rate and low death rates

53
Q

what is the demographic transition?

A

the move from the first state to the second state?

54
Q

whats so bad about the asian tiger mosquito?

A

transmit dozens of diseases, bites all day long, egg survive in winter

55
Q

what is acid rain made of?

A

sulfuric acid and nitric acid

bio 213 (19 decks)

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