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chapter 56 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is conservation biology?

A

study of nature with the aim of protecting species habitats and ecosystems and to conserve biological diversity at all levels

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2
Q

what are the three components of biodiversity?

A

genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity

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3
Q

what is genetic diversity?

A

individual genetic variation within a population and between populations

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4
Q

what is an endangered species?

A

species on the verge of extinction

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5
Q

what is a threatened species?

A

species getting close to being endangered

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6
Q

is it good for a species to be highly adapted?

A

no because when conditions change, their specialization isn’t effective and they’ll die

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7
Q

broader range of diversity is _____

A

better

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8
Q

what is ecosystem diversity?

A

the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere

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9
Q

whats up with the flying fox bat?

A

its an important pollenator, many plants NEED it

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10
Q

what is background rate?

A

rate before human involvement, purely environmental

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11
Q

what is current rate?

A

what’s going on now

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12
Q

are we currently going through an extinction period?

A

yes, the 6th great extinction

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13
Q

what is the late ordovician extinction?

A

glaciers formed, sucking water to make glaciers-> oceans were compact and went extinct

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14
Q

what is the late devonian extinction?

A

unknown cause, shallow water creatures affected

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15
Q

what is the permian-triassic extinction?

A

first time insects were affected, many causes, “the great dying”

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16
Q

what is the late triassic extinction?

A

affected terristrial organisms, allowed dinosaurs to be dominant, volcanic eruption caused a dark sky->no plants

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17
Q

what is the cretaceous-tertiary extinction?

A

dinosaurs went extinct, asteroid in mexico

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18
Q

what rate does the rate of extinction look similar to?

A

rate the human population

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19
Q

what is ecosystem services?

A

encompasses all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life

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20
Q

what are some examples of ecosystem services?

A

purification of air and water-plats filter feeders
detoxification and decomposition of wastes=bioremediation detritivores
cycling of nutrients=all organisms
moderation of weather extremes

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21
Q

why cant we predict extinctions?

A

we dont know the # of species, hard to confirm if a species is really extinct

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22
Q

what are the 4 major threats to biodiversity?

A
  1. agriculture, urban development, mining, pollution
  2. fishing
  3. competition
  4. climate change
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23
Q

why are specialists and species with small populations more at risk?

A

they need specific prey and when that prey goes extinct so do they

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24
Q

what are introduced species?

A

species that humans move from native locations to new geographic regions, disrupt local ecology

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25
Q

what is the best way to control invasive species?

A

prevent introduction, hard to control once started, don’t fully understand the effects of combatants

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26
Q

whats up with black rats?

A

first invasive species, spread with roman conquest, brings many diseases, creates competition with native species
control: rat poison

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27
Q

whats up with the brown tree snake?

A

arrived in guam as a stowaway, caused EXTINCTION of birds and lizards
control: aspirin-laced mice

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28
Q

whats up with the zebra mussel?

A

introduced in ballast water, competed with native species, clogged waterways
control: liquid fertilizer

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29
Q

whats whats up with the asian tiger mosquito?

A

spread through tires, carries diseases, eggs survive winter

control: insecticides

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30
Q

whats up with the burmese python?

A

escaped breeding facility, feed on endangered species

control: removal by hand (ineffective)

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31
Q

whats up with fire ants?

A

introduced by shipping crates, disrupts local ecology

control: insecticides

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32
Q

whats up with kudzu?

A

brought to slow soil erosion, grows really fast, outcompetes, changes leaf litter and soil composition
control: root crown removal, mowing, fire, grazing

33
Q

whats up with mongoose?

A

brought to control rats, prey on native species (mongoose are diurl while rats are nocturnal)
control: traps and poison

34
Q

whats overharvesting?

A

human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound

35
Q

whos most at risk (r or k species?)

A

k species because they dont have as many offspring

36
Q

what causes acid rain?

A

burning of wood and fossil fuels

37
Q

what do forests contribute?

A

wildlife, recreation, oxygen

38
Q

can extinct species be resurrected?

A

No, theres no genetic diversity, DNA degrades over time, their habitat is gone
they can bring back individuals but not an entire species

39
Q

what is the small population approach?

A

small populations are especially vulnerable to extinction purely because of their small size

40
Q

what is the declining population approach?

A

populations with a rapidly declining rate regardless of size

41
Q

what is an extinction vortex?

A

A downward population spiral in which inbreeding and genetic drift combine to cause a small population to shrink and, unless the spiral is reversed, become extinct.

42
Q

what drives an extinction vortex?

A

lack of genetic diversity

43
Q

whats up with the northern elephant seal?

A

were severely hunted -> low genetic variation but not affected -> ideal environment-> escaped extinction

44
Q

what is the minimum viable population? (mvp)

A

smallest population size that can still survive

45
Q

what does mvp depend on?

A

food, predators, environment

46
Q

why do we need to know the effective population size?

A

to know what the breeding potential is, to see how much offspring will be made

47
Q

what is an edge or boundary?

A

the edge between ecosystems that has its own set of physical conditions that differ on each side

48
Q

whats up with brown -headed cowbirds?

A

they lay their eggs in another birds nest and because it has a bigger beak, it takes the food that the mom gives them.
increase in cowbirds, decrease in other birds

49
Q

what is a movement or wildlife corridor?

A

a narrow strip of habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches

50
Q

what is a biodiversity hot spot?

A

relatively small area with numerous endemic species (species found nowhere else in the world) and a large number of endangered and threatened species

51
Q

why are biodiversity hot spots hard to identify?

A

migration

52
Q

biodiversity hot spots can change with ____ _____

A

climate change

53
Q

are few large reserves or more small ones better?

A

few large ones because small ones don’t hold mvp, large but low-density animals like bears need large spaces, less affected by edge effects

54
Q

what is a zoned reserve?

A

extensive region that includes areas relatively undisturbed by humans surrounded by areas that have been changed by human activity and are used for economic gain

55
Q

whats with costa rica’s zoned reserves?

A

reduced costa rica’s international debt by preserving land

56
Q

how can ecotourism help?

A

people can make money off of ecotourism instead of fishing, people are more likely to visit exotic places

57
Q

do zoos help?

A

theres not enough space to bring every endangered animal to mate, plus they cant release it into the wild

58
Q

what are some human-made changes in the environment?

A

nutrient enrichment
accumulation of toxins
climate change
ozone depletion

59
Q

what is nutrient enrichment?

A

human activity often removes nutrients from one part of the biosphere and adds them to another

60
Q

what is eutrophication?

A

nutrient runoff

61
Q

what is critical load?

A

max nutrients a plant can absorb without run off

62
Q

what is biomagnification?

A

toxins get magnified when you move up the food chain

63
Q

what is DDT?

A

an insecticide; interferes with calcium so birds crush their eggs when they sit on them

64
Q

what does fat have to do with PCBs?

A

it accumulates in fat tissue

65
Q

what are dioxins?

A

very toxic; formed in industrial processes

66
Q

what are PBDEs?

A

reduce flammability or things; found EVERYWHERE

67
Q

what do pollen and fossil plant records reveal?

A

past vegetation

68
Q

what do bubbles trapped in glacial ice reveal?

A

CO2 levels

69
Q

what do chemical isotopes reveal?

A

past temperature

70
Q

what is assisted migration?

A

translocate species into a favorable nonnative habitat

71
Q

what is a solution to the energy problem?

A

reduce use and use renewable energy

72
Q

what is a solution to the CO2 problem?

A

international effort required to reduce

73
Q

what is the purpose of the ozone layer?

A

life on earth is protected from damaging effects of UV radiation

74
Q

how is an ozone hole created?

A

produced by humans from aerosol spray and refrigerants

75
Q

whats the problem with pharmaceutical drugs?

A

humans excrete residual chemicals or throw them in the toilet and ends up in bodies of water

76
Q

whats the deal with government subsides?

A

they give money to farmers to grow specific crops but most of it gets wasted

77
Q

how many wildfires are caused by humans?

A

84%

78
Q

how much area do human fires cover?

A

44%

bio 213 (19 decks)

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