chapter 38 Flashcards
what is the receptacle?
holds the flower up
what are sepals?
green part on the bottom, protects flowers, all together are called calyx
what are petals?
modified leaves, attracts pollinators, all together are called corolla
what is the stamen?
the male parts of the flower, comprised of anther and filament
what is a filament?
holds the anther up
what is a anther?
location of pollen
what is the carpal?
female parts of the lower, comprised of stigma, style, and ovary
what is a stigma?
sticky so pollen can stick to it
what is a style?
leads to ovary
what is an ovary?
encloses young seeds
what is a complete flower?
it contains all of the floral parts, both female and male parts
what is an incomplete flower?
have either female or male parts
what does monoecious mean?
one plant has both female and male parts
what does diecious mean?
two separate plants house each flower type
why is cross pollination preferred?
it increases the gene pool
how can cross pollination occur?
wind water and animals
why must wind-pollinated release large amounts of pollen?
to increase the chances that it’ll fertilize something
why aren’t wind-pollinated plants colorful, fancy, or yummy?
there’s no need to attract organisms to it
why does pollen occur in the spring?
the leaves are off the trees and so there’s an increased chance of pollination
why must bee-pollinated plants have a sweet fragrance and are brightly colored?
they need to attract pollinators
why are moths and bats attracted to white or yellow flowers?
they show up better in the moonlight
why are birds attracted to color and not scent?
birds have an underdeveloped smell
what is co-evolution?
the joint evolution of interacting species in response to selection imposed by each other (long ass moth tongue and deep pollen sac)
what is the function of the endosperm?
protects and provide nutrients for embryo
what is a seed coat?
a hard protective surrounding that encloses the embryo and food supply
why does the seed enter a state of dormancy?
the seeds needs to have the right environment to grow
what does a cotyledons do?
for nutrition in other eudicots
how is seed dormancy maintained?
exclusion of water, mechanical restraint by seed coat, and chemical inhibition of embryo
how is seed dormancy broken?
adding water, abrading seed coats extrenally or in digestive tracts of animals, softening seed coats by soil microogranisms, removing seed coats by fire, leacing of the chemical inhibitors
what is hypocotyl?
it lifts the seed out of soil
what is radicle?
becomes the main root
what is the coleoptile?
protective structure that allows leaves to grow
what does germination depend on?
imbibtion, diffusion where an absorption of water causes and increase in growth
what is fruit?
the ovary, protects the enclosed seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals
what are the two types of fruit?
dry fruit, ovrary wall dries out
fleshy fruits, when it doesnt LOL
what are some simple fruits? (single ovary)
lemons, peas
what are aggregate fruits? (multiple ovarys)
blackberry, raspberry
what are multiple fruits? (cluster of fruiting ovarys)
figs, pineapple
what are the dis/advantages of sexual reproduction?
increased gene pool, not being able to find a mate
what are the dis/advantages of asexual reproduction?
dont have to find mate, small gene pool
what is fragmentation?
separation of a parent plant that develop into whole plants
why is it hard for dicieous plants to self-fertilize?
they are on separate plants
what is self-incompatibility?
a plant’s ability to reject its own pollen
what is the general meaning of plant biotech?
refers to innovation in the use of plants to make useful products
what is the specific meaning of plant biotech?
refers to the use of GM organisms in agriculture and industry
what does transgenic mean?
organisms are those that have been engineered to express a gene from another species
what is the BT toxin?
adds pext toxins therefore no pesticide needed
what is biomass?
the total mass of organic matter in a group of organism
what is biofuels?
fuels derived from biomass
what are some issues about GMs?
chemicals could harm humans and plant can become a super-weed
what is double fertilization?
egg and sperm meet and then sperm goes to 2 polar nuclei to form the endosperm
