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chapter 51 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why do male fiddler crabs have one huge ass claw?

A

to repel males but attract females ;)

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2
Q

what was ivan pavlov famous for?

A

studying the dogs saliva thing, behavior can be modified by experience

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3
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

learned a conditioned response

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4
Q

what is BF skinner famous for?

A

making rats push level for food

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5
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

any random act can become conditioned if theres a reward or punishment

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6
Q

what is karl von frisch famous for?

A

bee language

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7
Q

whatis konradd lorenz famous for?

A

imprinting and bonding between parent and offspring

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8
Q

what is niko tinburgen famous for?

A

instinct behavior

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9
Q

who came up with the 4 questions of animal behavior?

A

niko tinburgen

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10
Q

what are the 2 how questions?

A

what stimulus elicits the behavior and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
how does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?

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11
Q

what are the 2 why questions?

A

how does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?

what is the behavior’s evolutionary history?

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12
Q

how questions are _____ causation

A

proximate

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13
Q

why questions are ____ causation

A

ultimate

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14
Q

what is a fixed action pattern?

A

unlearned facts directed to a certain stimulus, unchangeable and once initiated are done to completion

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15
Q

what is a sign stimulus?

A

an external cue that trigger a fixed action pattern

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16
Q

whats the deal with three-spined sticklebacks and rec?

A

males will become aggressive whenever they see red due to a fixed action pattern

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17
Q

migration is triggered by _____cues, not learned!

A

environmental

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18
Q

what is migration?

A

a regular, long-distance change in location, from an area with lots of food to another area to breed or give birth lmao

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19
Q

what are the 4 forces that help animals find their way during migration?

A

circadian clock, north star, earth’s magnetic field

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20
Q

what is a circadian clock?

A

internal mechanism that maintains a 24 hour activity rhythm, controlled by the suprachiasmic nuclei (SCN) in the brain

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21
Q

what is the north star?

A

a constant point in the sky

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22
Q

how does the earth’s magnetic field work for birds?

A

birds contain magentile and their brains encode info about the fields

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23
Q

what organism uses the milky way?

A

dung beetles

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24
Q

what is diurnal?

A

active in daytime, usually uses visual and auditory communication

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25
Q

what is nocturnal?

A

active in daytime, usually uses chemical, tactile, and short auditory

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26
Q

why are some animals diurnal and some nocturnal?

A

their food source is active in that time

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27
Q

behaviors linked to changing seasons follow a _____

A

circannual rhythm

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28
Q

what is a signal?

A

a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior

29
Q

what is communication?

A

the transmission and reception of signals, usually within species

30
Q

what are the 4 modes of animal communication?

A

chemical, visual, tactile, auditory

31
Q

why don’t squids use auditory communication?

A

the sound will spread since it’s underwater

32
Q

what dance does the bee do when food is close?

A

round dance, moves in tight circles

33
Q

what dance does the bee do when food is far?

A

waggle dance, half circle swings. tells the direction and distance

34
Q

what is tactile communication between dolphins

A

child touching mom

35
Q

what is auditory communication between wolves

A

howling

36
Q

what are pheromones?

A

chemical substances that animals use to communicate, effective at low concentrations

37
Q

what is innate behavior?

A

developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals

38
Q

what is cross-fostering?

A

animals taken care of by another species

39
Q

what is learning?

A

the modification of behavior based on specific experiences

40
Q

what are twin studies used for?

A

the understand what is innate and learned in humans

41
Q

what are gene knock out experiments?

A

remove a gene to see how to reacts

42
Q

what is imprinting?

A

the establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object, not reversible

43
Q

how is imprinted different from learning?

A

there is a sensitive period that the baby has to imprint on their mom

44
Q

who had baby geese children

A

konrad lorenz

45
Q

whats the deal with whooping cranes?

A

to save the endangered species, scientists tried to raise them foster parents. however since the whoop imprinted on their parents they couldnt find a mate LMAO a momma’s boy

46
Q

what is taste aversion?

A

eating something and then having a bad reaction then never eating it again

47
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

involuntary behavior associated with a stimulus (taste aversion)

48
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

voluntary behavior associated with reward or punishment, associated with trail and error learning (dog training)

49
Q

what is cognition?

A

a process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement

50
Q

what is problem solving?

A

process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle chimp and raven

51
Q

what is social learning?

A

learning trough the observation of others and forms the roots of culture

52
Q

what is culture?

A

info is transferred by observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population

53
Q

why does behavior enhance survival and reproductive success?

A

natural selection refines behaviors that enhances the efficiency of feeding

54
Q

what is foraging?

A

food obtaining behavior, contains searching, recognizing, and capturing of food

55
Q

whats the deal with drosophila?

A

some fruit flies carry fly closer or farther depending on what gene they have. when theres a higher population, flies fly farther for food and vice versa

56
Q

what is optimal foraging theory?

A

cost/benefit analysis.

is it worth it?

57
Q

natural selection should favor a low cost/high yield behavior but?

A

risk of predation affects this (deer will fed in open areas so they won’t get eaten lol)

58
Q

what is promiscuity?

A

no strong pair bonds or lasting relantionships

59
Q

what is monogamy?

A

one male mates with one female

60
Q

what is polygamy?

A

one individual mates with many of the opp sex

61
Q

what is sexually dimorphic?

A

sexes look different

62
Q

what is polygyny?

A

one male and many females

63
Q

what is polyandry?

A

one female and many males

64
Q

what is intersexual selection?

A

female chooses mate from characteristics, females drive sexual selection

65
Q

what is intrasexual selection?

A

males fight each other for mates

66
Q

what is altruism?

A

a behavior that reduces one’s fitness but increases the fitness of others in the population (belding ground squirrel alarms others of predators but makes himself more aware to the predator)

67
Q

what is inclusive fitness

A

individual+ relative fitness

68
Q

what is kin selection?

A

the natural selection that favors this kind of altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of close relatives

69
Q

how does altruistic behavior occur between different species?

A

can be positive if the aided one returns the favor in the future

bio 213 (19 decks)

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