chapter 51 Flashcards
why do male fiddler crabs have one huge ass claw?
to repel males but attract females ;)
what was ivan pavlov famous for?
studying the dogs saliva thing, behavior can be modified by experience
what is classical conditioning?
learned a conditioned response
what is BF skinner famous for?
making rats push level for food
what is operant conditioning?
any random act can become conditioned if theres a reward or punishment
what is karl von frisch famous for?
bee language
whatis konradd lorenz famous for?
imprinting and bonding between parent and offspring
what is niko tinburgen famous for?
instinct behavior
who came up with the 4 questions of animal behavior?
niko tinburgen
what are the 2 how questions?
what stimulus elicits the behavior and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
how does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
what are the 2 why questions?
how does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
what is the behavior’s evolutionary history?
how questions are _____ causation
proximate
why questions are ____ causation
ultimate
what is a fixed action pattern?
unlearned facts directed to a certain stimulus, unchangeable and once initiated are done to completion
what is a sign stimulus?
an external cue that trigger a fixed action pattern
whats the deal with three-spined sticklebacks and rec?
males will become aggressive whenever they see red due to a fixed action pattern
migration is triggered by _____cues, not learned!
environmental
what is migration?
a regular, long-distance change in location, from an area with lots of food to another area to breed or give birth lmao
what are the 4 forces that help animals find their way during migration?
circadian clock, north star, earth’s magnetic field
what is a circadian clock?
internal mechanism that maintains a 24 hour activity rhythm, controlled by the suprachiasmic nuclei (SCN) in the brain
what is the north star?
a constant point in the sky
how does the earth’s magnetic field work for birds?
birds contain magentile and their brains encode info about the fields
what organism uses the milky way?
dung beetles
what is diurnal?
active in daytime, usually uses visual and auditory communication
what is nocturnal?
active in daytime, usually uses chemical, tactile, and short auditory
why are some animals diurnal and some nocturnal?
their food source is active in that time
behaviors linked to changing seasons follow a _____
circannual rhythm
what is a signal?
a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior
what is communication?
the transmission and reception of signals, usually within species
what are the 4 modes of animal communication?
chemical, visual, tactile, auditory
why don’t squids use auditory communication?
the sound will spread since it’s underwater
what dance does the bee do when food is close?
round dance, moves in tight circles
what dance does the bee do when food is far?
waggle dance, half circle swings. tells the direction and distance
what is tactile communication between dolphins
child touching mom
what is auditory communication between wolves
howling
what are pheromones?
chemical substances that animals use to communicate, effective at low concentrations
what is innate behavior?
developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals
what is cross-fostering?
animals taken care of by another species
what is learning?
the modification of behavior based on specific experiences
what are twin studies used for?
the understand what is innate and learned in humans
what are gene knock out experiments?
remove a gene to see how to reacts
what is imprinting?
the establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object, not reversible
how is imprinted different from learning?
there is a sensitive period that the baby has to imprint on their mom
who had baby geese children
konrad lorenz
whats the deal with whooping cranes?
to save the endangered species, scientists tried to raise them foster parents. however since the whoop imprinted on their parents they couldnt find a mate LMAO a momma’s boy
what is taste aversion?
eating something and then having a bad reaction then never eating it again
what is classical conditioning?
involuntary behavior associated with a stimulus (taste aversion)
what is operant conditioning?
voluntary behavior associated with reward or punishment, associated with trail and error learning (dog training)
what is cognition?
a process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement
what is problem solving?
process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle chimp and raven
what is social learning?
learning trough the observation of others and forms the roots of culture
what is culture?
info is transferred by observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population
why does behavior enhance survival and reproductive success?
natural selection refines behaviors that enhances the efficiency of feeding
what is foraging?
food obtaining behavior, contains searching, recognizing, and capturing of food
whats the deal with drosophila?
some fruit flies carry fly closer or farther depending on what gene they have. when theres a higher population, flies fly farther for food and vice versa
what is optimal foraging theory?
cost/benefit analysis.
is it worth it?
natural selection should favor a low cost/high yield behavior but?
risk of predation affects this (deer will fed in open areas so they won’t get eaten lol)
what is promiscuity?
no strong pair bonds or lasting relantionships
what is monogamy?
one male mates with one female
what is polygamy?
one individual mates with many of the opp sex
what is sexually dimorphic?
sexes look different
what is polygyny?
one male and many females
what is polyandry?
one female and many males
what is intersexual selection?
female chooses mate from characteristics, females drive sexual selection
what is intrasexual selection?
males fight each other for mates
what is altruism?
a behavior that reduces one’s fitness but increases the fitness of others in the population (belding ground squirrel alarms others of predators but makes himself more aware to the predator)
what is inclusive fitness
individual+ relative fitness
what is kin selection?
the natural selection that favors this kind of altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of close relatives
how does altruistic behavior occur between different species?
can be positive if the aided one returns the favor in the future
